FROM SONNY BLOUNT TO SUN RA: The Chicago Years

Revision note. We have added information about a previously unknown pair of test pressings from 1959, whch preseve trial versions of one side from a never-issued Saturn LP.

Sun Ra's musical career is hard to generalize about. He led bands for nearly 60 years. He made something like 125 LPs. He performed everything from 1930s hotel-band schmaltz to synthesizer pieces that twittered and clunked like a demented Pac-man machine. This page will follow Sunny through the first half of his career -- from his days as Sonny Blount in Birmingham through the end of his breakthrough period in Chicago, where he changed his name and founded his Arkestra.

Sun Ra believed in eternal being. Birth was a bad word in his lexicon. One of his "equations of sound-similarity" was B-I-R-T-H = B-E-R-T-H. If you were born, that meant you were going to find your place of B-E-R-T- H -- i.e., your final resting place -- i.e., the grave. Sunny preferred to say he had "arrived on the planet," and was more than a little vague about when that happened -- maybe in 1055, he would say, maybe a few thousand years before that.

His passport and his high school records tell a more mundane story. Herman Poole Blount was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on May 22, 1914. From very early on he was known as Sonny -- spelled with an "o," of course. About his family we know little. He had an older brother, Robert, an older half-sister, Mary, and an older stepbrother, Cary Blount, Jr. Three more stepsiblings resided in Demopolis, Alabama. His mother ran restaurants.

The family home was in a strange location. In a Southern city that was heavily segregated by race, the Blounts did not live in either a black neighborhood or a white neighborhood. Theirs was the only house on an entire city block. They were located across the street from the Post Office and close to the main railroad station. As a child, Sonny could look out the window and see the big sign over the railroad tracks that greeted visitors to The Magic City; many years later that would become the title of one of his greatest (and most avant-garde) compositions. To the north, there were just open fields.

There was a piano in the house (Sunny told interviewers it was a present for his tenth "arrival day") and his family seems to have encouraged his musical aspirations. He was a genuine prodigy, but his boasts that he could read music without training should be discounted -- even Mozart needed instruction. Though a shy and reserved individual, he struck up a friendship with another young pianist, Avery Parrish (1917-1959). They played duets together and challenged each other to write their first compositions. And while attending Industrial High School -- where he was a straight A student -- he came under the tutelage of John Tuggle "Fess" Whatley. Fess Whatley has grown legendary as a music educator (now duly celebrated in the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame), so it may come as a shock to realize that he was employed as a shop teacher, and all of his musical instruction took place after hours.

One of Sonny's first compositions (written in 1929 or 1930) was titled "Chocolate Avenue." In 1933, he mailed it to Clarence Williams in New York City. Williams used it on a record--without crediting Sonny for the piece or paying him a dime in royalties. Sonny's lifelong distrust of the music business began right there.

Before he left graduated from high school in January 1932, Sonny was already playing piano on a substitute basis with bands like the Society Troubadours. He subbed (for Curly Parrish,Avery's older brother) in at least one of Fess Whatley's three bands, the Sax-o-Society Orchestra. In later years took pains to emphasize that such bands played for society dances and other genteel events, not in taverns or nightclubs.

By this time, Sonny was listening avidly to recordings by all the jazz "Masters" when they came out. In fact he collected so many 78s that one day he stacked them too high, and the pile fell over and injured him. In 1933, he transcribed a band arrangement off a record for the first time. It was Yeah Man, freshly released by Fletcher Henderson. Sonny always had the highest admiration for Henderson's band -- he speculated that it must have been populated with angels rather than ordinary Earthlings -- and he would call this tune well over a thousand times on the bandstand. The other three titles recorded on that same session (Can You Take It?; King Porter Stomp; and Queer Notions) didn't escape his attention either; all of them stayed in the Arkestra's book from 1966 onward.

In the fall of 1934, Sonny Blount went on a tour of the Southeast with a band led by Ethel Harper, a biology teacher who had ambitions to make it as a singer. In fact she decamped mid-tour with a vocal group, leaving Sonny in charge (the band got notices in the Pittsburgh Courier and the Chicago Defender). The Sonny Blount Band ranged as far as Chicago, where Sonny joined Musicians Union Local 208 on December 15, 1934. Eventually he would alter his destiny in Chicago....

He attended Alabama A&M University in Huntsville as a music education major. He was inordinately proud of having done so ("I think I studied everything in that college except farming"). He was able to attend for just one year (1935 - 1936); in the depths of the Great Depression, his family couldn't afford the tuition, but Dr. S. F. Harris, who lived in his neighborhood, paid for scholarships for Sonny and several other musicians from his high school. The music department gave him a good deal of classical training (up through Chopin and Rachmaninoff anyway); you could always hear it in his improvised preludes, and in the Chicago days he would warm up by playing classical pieces. He ended up eighth in his freshman class, with a Grade Point Average of 3.18 (no grade inflation in those days...)

Other things happened in college. He had a dream in which he was summoned by robed figures. They admonished him to keep inside a narrow beam of light, and all traveled upwards until they reached their destination -- the planet Jupiter. Sonny Blount confided this to his diary; unfortunately one of his classmates discovered the passage and read it out loud to the other guys in the dorm. After he became Sun Ra, he spoke of this experience many times -- and in a completely matter-of-fact way.

For the next ten years, he led the Sonny Blount Orchestra. Its partisans regarded it as the top Swing band in Alabama. Without refighting any old battles, let's just say it was a serious competitor to Fess Whatley's aggregations. The Whatley bands played mostly for White audiences, the Blount band almost exclusively for Black audiences. (Supposedly their only gig in front of a White audience took place in Cullman, Alabama -- they were scared to death the entire night, because Cullman was a center of Ku Klux Klan activity.)

Sonny's audiences wanted blues, pop tunes, and the hottest Swing arrangements (judging from what the Arkestra played in the 1970s and 1980s, these would have included scores by Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmy Lunceford, but of course there were many others he never felt like reviving). He was in the habit of transcribing arrangements off the radio (sometimes with the help of a recording device -- most likely this was a Dictaphone). When Fletcher Henderson or Duke Ellington came to town, he would put his recorder right on the bandstand. Clad in tunic and sandals, he would walk for blocks -- right through the middle of a White neighborhood -- to a local music store, where he would pull out music paper and pencil and quickly copy any sheet music that appealed to him.

Territory bands couldn't count on recording then (though the Society Troubadours did manage one session after Sonny had left the band). Alabama's top musicians had little chance of making it onto wax unless they moved to Chicago or New York. No one alive today has direct evidence of what the Sonny Blount band sounded like. There's one surviving publicity photo of the band, and Sunny had only a Xerox of that in his possession. And though Sunny would rattle off the names of Alabama musicians in later interviews, it's hard to tell from what he said who was actually in his band. We do have some idea, though, who played in the last Sonny Blount Orchestra, a 12 piece aggregration. Walter Miller, trumpet; Nat Atkins, trombone; George "Jarhead" Woodruff, alto sax; Frank Adams, alto sax; Joe Alexander, tenor sax; Warren Parham, also in the sax section; Ivory Williams, bass; and Fletcher Myatt, drums and vocals. Most of these musicians are now in the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

There was one significant interruption in all of this musical activity. In October 1942 the local Draft Board came calling. Sonny Blount declared himself a Conscientious Objector, but during a war in which there was little tolerance for COs, the answers he gave on his questionnaire displeased the authorities. He spent five weeks in jail in Jasper, Alabama, then was sent to a Civilian Public Service Camp in a place called Marienville, in the boondocks of Northwestern Pennsylvania. But he didn't stay long; by the end of March 1943, he was out on a physical disability discharge, because he had a hernia. In later years, Sun Ra would say that a big band was the opposite of an army; it was a group of men who came together, not to kill, but for a constructive purpose. Sonny's misadventures with the Selective Service System could not have helped his popularity with Alabama musicians. Many already considered him weird; now they could also indict him as unpatriotic.

One transition in his career about which we can safely say that "cosmic forces" were not in control took place in January 1946, when Sonny, fed up with segregation and lack of musical opportunities, bought a one-way train ticket to Chicago. He was soon out on the road in a combo led by alto saxophonist Jimmy Jackson. For three or four months they backed R&B singer Wynonie Harris at Club Zanzibar in Nashville. An unlikely setting, maybe, but Harris was already growing in popularity and a small local label called Bullet saw a chance to capitalize. Harris and his combo (with the old fashioned rhythm section of piano and drums) made four sides. One of them was Sonny's feature, Dig This Boogie. He'd obviously learned his blues lessons. In fact, he'd developed a few tricks of his own, like deliberately dropping beats and picking them up in the next line.

Sun1. Wynonie (Mr. Blues) Harris with the Jimmie Jackson Orchestra

Bullet 251 and 252 were 78 rpm singles, released on April 14, 1946 (thanks to Sam Byrd for the exact release date).

Krazy Kat KK 783 is a 1983 British reissue LP (by various artists) of items released on the Bullet label; it is titled Nashville Jumps. Route 66 KIX 3 is a Swedish Wynonie Harris reissue LP from 1977 titled Mr. Blues is Coming to Town. In the early 1990s, this collection of 16 Harris tracks was reissued on CD as Route 66 RBD 3 (provenance is unclear, as Allen Welsh points out, because the CD is labeled as having been made in England and in Czechoslovakia). Route 66 KIX 20 is another Wynonie Harris LP collection from 1982 titled Oh Babe. All four titles were reissued in November 1998 on a French CD: Classics 1013, Wynonie Harris: 1945-1947. The Classics CD is the first release to mention Sonny's involvement.

Ra confirmed making these sides in his Cadence interview with Bob Rusch. Thanks to Mark Webber, Chris Trent, Julian Vein, and Tony Collins for information; Jimmie Jackson is mentioned in Hartmut Geerken's 1994 discography. The March date comes from Tom Lord in his Jazz Discography; Tony Collins, in Rock Mr. Blues: The Life and Music of Wynonie Harris, gives March or April-the records were advertised in a trade publication on April 27. Collins' book gives the correct A and B sides, gives complete label information, and points out that no bass player is audible.

In Nashville, Sunny took up with Sir Oliver Bibb, in whose band he returned to Chicago. Oliver Bibb (usually called "Bibbs" in Local 208 documents) was a drummer who led a society band known for dressing up in Revolutionary War Patriot uniforms, complete with wigs. "It fit the kind of music they were playing," he later snorted, but the idea of costuming stuck with him. He was hired for odd jobs with many other leaders, including the barwalking tenor saxophonist Cyril "Cozy" Eggleston. On August 15, 1946, his first contract as a leader was accepted and filed by Musicians Local 208: 4 nights at the Boulevard Lounge, under the name "Sonne Blount." A photo from the same period survives, signed "H. Sonne Blount"; a high-quality reproduction can now be seen in Pathways to Unknown Worlds (p. 22).

That same month, the legendary Fletcher Henderson was working nightly at a large Chicago establishment, the Club DeLisa, with his very last big band. They had been in residence since February. Henderson was never much of an improviser, and by this time he had given up the piano, except for one nightly feature on Stealing Apples, and an occasional second feature on Humoresque. So when Marl Young (an experienced bandleader and arranger, who had already recorded with T-Bone Walker for Rhumboogie) found that his studies in law school failed to mix with the long hours 6 nights a week, and left the band to start his own Sunbeam label, Sonny Blount was there to take his place. Sonny's prowess as an arranger would have been a plus, as the band had to develop numbers for acts in the show, which turned over evey month, and Henderson had lost not only Young but also trumpeter Elisha Hanna, who doubled as his copyist.

Big bands were facing mass extinction and this outfit was not in the forefront of those that remained. Fletcher Henderson had made no musical advances since the mid-1930s, his band had lost much of its popular following, and he couldn't attract star soloists. Though each was invited into the studio infrequently, Fletcher's own brother Horace was making better recordings. Many observers wondered why Fletcher didn't spare himself the aggravation and write arrangements for appreciative, high-paying leaders like Benny Goodman. Judging from World War II era reviews of live performances, and a handful of recordings by this band's California-based predecessor, it had grown rough and strident, lacking the fluid drive of the 1933 and 1934 Henderson bands whose records Sonny had assiduously collected.

During Sonny's tenure at the piano bench, the Henderson band included Charles Gray, Matthew Rucker, Willie Wells, and Lee Trammell in the trumpet section. Charles Gray, the son of Harry Gray who ran Musicians Union Local 208, had previously served in Buster Bennett's combo, recording with Buster for Columbia and Rhumboogie. Willie Wells, one of many Detroit-based members of this band, handled the trumpet solos and was regarded with some ambivalence by the leader because he was a bebopper. Lee Trammell left toward the end of the engagement, and Freddie Webster joined the band for a single night (March 31, 1947), doing a feature on a very modern "Body and Soul" that, in the words of one of the musicians, "turned the DeLisa out." (This was bound to stick in everyone's mind, because the very next night Webster was dead, of a drug overdose. Sunny had no trouble remembering Webster 40 years later.) Howard Callender (the husband of blues singer Lil Green) appears to have finished out the engagement in the fourth trumpet chair. The trombones were Joe Brown (who handled the solos) and Hosea Martin. One of the alto sax chairs was held down by Riley Hampton, who had been in Fletcher's band in 1942-1943 and returned after completing his military service; the other was occupied variously by Bill McCall, Hobart Clardy, or when a substitute was needed, James Scales. Woodrow Key and Otis Finch were on tenor sax, and, as was the custom then, they carried a lot of the solo load. Buddy Conway was on baritone, Ellsworth Liggett on bass, and Jimmy Adams in the drum chair. Baritone crooner George Floyd, who had been with Henderson continuously since 1942, was the band singer. Most of the musicians had joined Henderson in Detroit in January 1945 and had moved to Chicago with Henderson when he took the job in February 1946. Besides Sonny Blount, only Gray, Callender, Scales, Liggett, and Adams were local musicians, all replacements for other musicians who had left the band. (Hampton, of course, would make Chicago his home after the engagement was over, and Otis Finch and Woodrow Key would hang around around for a while).

Sonny's job was to interpret other people's material. The band couldn't handle the "new kind of syncopation" in his orchestrations of Dear Old Southland and I Should Care; after that, Sonny kept his arrangements to himself. Nonetheless, Sun Ra always reminisced about his stay in the band with obvious pride. And though it may not have advanced his musical conception, it solidified his ideas about entertainment.

At the Club DeLisa, the Henderson band's primary responsibility was to back singers and floor shows. The club featured top entertainers in Chicago: singer Lurlean Hunter, who was resident at the club from 1944 to 1948, blues vocalist Little Miss Cornshucks, impressionist and singer George Kirby, and a standup blues singer named Jo Jo Adams, who was renowned for his wardrobe of outrageously colored tuxedos. There were tap dancers like the Four Step Brothers and Cozy Cole's Drum Dancers. The extravagant entertainments that the Arkestra became known for in the 1970s, with their light shows and their corps of singers, dancers, tumblers, even fire-eaters, had roots of a more traditional kind.

The Henderson stint ended on May 18, 1947, after which the leader quietly departed to the West Coast, leaving most of his band members high and dry. Sonny had no trouble keeping himself busy. During this period he backed R&B singer Lil Green, whose husband Howard Callender had been a bandmate in the Henderson orchestra. Sonny got into clashes with Callender over religion and philosophy, but he did make the acquaintance of a young drummer from Montclair, New Jersey named Thomas Hunter, usually known as "Bugs." Sunny did not play on any of Lil Green's recordings from the period, but there is still a possibility that she used some of his arrangements. To be researched.

In the Fall of 1948, Sonny Blount got an opportunity to work with Coleman Hawkins for a couple of weeks. He also began an association with jazz violinist Stuff Smith.

Sun2. Sonny Blount with Coleman Hawkins and Stuff Smith

Sun Ra often described a gig with Coleman Hawkins in 1948 in a club on the North Side of Chicago; Gene Wright confirms that Sonny Blount played with Hawk and suggests that this took place at an after-hours club. Hawk was in town to play at the Blue Note, a club in the Loop (downtown Chicago); his contract with that establishment was accepted and filed on September 16, according to the Board meeting minutes of Local 208. According to Danny Ray Thompson in an interview during the WKCR Sun Ra Festival (April 1987), a tape was made and may still be extant. Tommy Hunter placed the date around the end of 1948. Sonny wrote an arrangement of "I'll Remember April" that Hawk couldn't play; Hawkins confirmed this in an interview.

In October 1948, Sonny became the music director of a successful medium-sized band. Bassist Gene Wright, at the tender of age of 23, was simultaneously running a big band and a 10 or 11 piece aggregration called the Dukes of Swing (two previous incarnations of the Dukes had been in operation in 1943 and 1946). For a while, the big band was upstairs in the Pershing Ballroom while the Dukes held the gig at the Beige Room (as the basement club in the Pershing Hotel was then known). During most of the engagement, the Dukes worked with a vocal-instrumental quartet called the Dozier Boys/ Sonny composed or arranged the Dukes' entire book. Many of these pieces were of a strictly functional nature (floor shows again) but their theme number was a suite based on the theme from Spellbound, an ambitious work by composer Miklos Rozsa. If only we were lucky enough to have that on record....

The engagement with the Dukes did bring Sonny some recording work, first as session pianist for the Dozier Boys, then with the entire band. Both sesssions were done for the fledgling Aristocrat label. It was the Doziers who came to the company's attention first, courtesy of bassist and songwriter Willie Dixon.

Accompaniment really by the Dozier Boys and Sonny Blount. From the collection of Tom Kelly.

Sun3. Andrew Tibbs and "The Dozier Boys" with Sax Mallard's Combo [sic] / Andy Tibbs and The Dozier Boys^

Universal Recording, Chicago, late November, 1948

U-7160	In a Traveling Mood (Tibbs) [Listen to In a Traveling Mood]	Aristocrat 1105A, Classics 5028 [CD]
U-7161	In Every Man's Life (Mallard-Austin)^	Aristocrat 1106-A, Classics 5028 [CD]
U7162	I Want to Be Loved	unissued
U7163	This Is Always	unissued

Aristocrat 1105 was a 78 rpm single, released in December 1948 (it was reviewed in Cash Box on February 12, 1949). Aristocrat 1106 was released in July 1949. The unissued items are as identified by Leadbitter, Fancourt, and Pelletier, Blues Records 1943-1970 L-Z (published 1994). The usual caveats about data in the Aristocrat master book apply. The two issued sides got their first reissue ever in February 2002, on Classics 5028, Andrew Tibbs 1947-1951.

We identified the lineup by ear, with help from Benny Cotton and Cornell Wiley. Though the label to Aristocrat 1105A credits Andrew Tibbs and "The Dozier Boys" with Sax Mallard's Combo, in fact Sax Mallard's group appeared only on the flip side ("The Holidays Are Over"). There are no horns on the A side, just the Doziers harmonizing and playing their instruments. The Doziers used a session pianist for dates like this; Wiley and Cotton have stated that Sonny Blount helped out on this occasion. On "Traveling" and "Every Man's," Benny Cotton shares the lead vocals with Tibbs. On Aristocrat 1106, the singer is referred to as "Andy Tibbs." Sax Mallard's band did back Tibbs at a separate session shortly before this one, which provided Aristocrat 1105B and 1106-B.

According to Jay R. Monroe, Aristocrat 1105 has been reissued on a bootleg "repro." The "repro" uses a facsimile of the Aristocrat label, but it is a 45 rpm single. Which is all the buyer needs to know: all genuine Aristocrats were 78s.

A Cash Box advertisement for Aristocrat 1105, from the March 5, 1949 issue. Courtesy of Dan Kochakian.

According to Cornell Wiley, the session with the Dukes of Swing followed the Tibbs session. If this is so, perhaps Aristocrat wanted to remake "Big Time Baby." Of the other three tracks from this session, two are instrumentals by the Dukes, and on "Music Goes Round and Round," the Doziers sing one opening chorus and let the band take over.

Sun4. The Dozier Boys and Eugene Wright / Eugene Wright and the Dukes of Swing

United Broadcasting Studios, Chicago, early December, 1948

UB-9545	Big Time Baby (Mallard) -2	Aristocrat 3002-A, Classics 5028 [CD]
UB 9546	Pork 'n Beans (Blount)	Aristocrat 11001
UB 9547	Dawn Mist (Blount)	Aristocrat 11001
UB-9548	Music Goes Round and Round (Farley-Riley-Hodgson) -1, 2	Aristocrat 3002-B

The session was split between two vocal tracks and two instrumental tracks. The instrumentals were apparently composed by Sonny Blount. Besides Gene Wright's testimony that Sonny was in charge of the band's book, we have transparently bogus composer credits: Leonard Chess claiming "Pork 'n Beans," and "Dawn Mist" being ascribed to one "Crawfish." Leonard Chess continued to take composer credit from time to time, on both Aristocrat and Chess releases, until he co-founded ARC Music in 1953; none of the pieces he claimed were actually by him.

Aristocrat 3002 was a 78 rpm single, released in September 1949; see the Aristocrat discography. Personnel of the Dukes of Swing came from Gene Wright (as interviewed, many years apart, by the late Otto Flückiger and by John Szwed). According to the Szwed interview, the Dukes of Swing were a 11-piece band and everyone was present at this recording session. Sax Mallard is credited as the composer of "Big Time Baby" on the original label; the composer of "Music Goes Round and Round" is given simply as "Riley."

Eugene Teague brought his guitar, which is briefly audible at the beginning of "Music Goes Round and Round." Bill Minor sings the lead on "Big Time Baby."

The UB numbers (which were apparently never written down in the Aristocrat company files, leading every discographer until very recently to confuse this session with U7156-U7159) indicate United Broadcasting Studios. Consequently "Big Time Baby" from this session (matrix mislisted as U7159) was reissued in February 2002 on Classics 5028, Andrew Tibbs 1947-1951. (Andrew Tibbs is, of course, not on this session--or on the previous one.)

Aristocrat used United Broadcasting occasionally. Wright says the session took place not long before he left town to join the Count Basie band (an event that took place around Christmas of 1948). The band broke up when he went on tour with Basie (who had asked him to substitute for Walter Page on at least one previous occasion). Wright returned to Chicago in the middle of 1949, going on to a long career working with various leaders, most famously Dave Brubeck, but it was the end of the road for the Dukes.

This 1973 LP included the oldest surviving recording made on Sonny Blount's tape machine. From the collection of Chris Trent.

On his very first tape machine, Sonny recorded Stuff Smith and himself playing in his tiny apartment at 5414 South Prairie Avenue. They performed a duet featuring the Solovox, a primitive electronic instrument that Sonny had picked up back in 1941, while still in Birmingham. Sonny had a thing about purple (he thought people would be healthier if they ate more purple food). He released Deep Purple nearly a quarter century later on his Saturn label, and the tune remained in his repertoire for the rest of his career. It would be featured on his very last recording session, when he accompanied Billy Bang for Soul Note in 1992.

Sun5. Sonny Blount and Stuff Smith

Deep Purple

Saturn 485 (released in 1973) was an LP titled Deep Purple (on some copies, Dreams Come True). The artists on this collection were billed as "Sun Ra and his Arkestra"; on some copies, "featuring Stuff Smith on Violin" was added. The LP had printed white labels with a Chicago address for Saturn Records, but no covers were printed. Consequently, there are many cover varieties, consisting of various generic Sun Ra LP sleeves, many of them hand decorated by members of All of Side A of this LP was reissued on Evidence 22014, Sound Sun Pleasure!!, a CD from 1992.

The Solovox was an early electronic keyboard instrument (already in Sonny's possession as early as 1941; it can be seen attached to his piano in a photograph that was reprinted in John F. Szwed's book Space Is the Place). When asked for a session date, members of the Arkestra told Bob Rusch “pre 1953,” by which they meant before John Gilmore joined the band; previous discographies have generally said 1953. However, Anthony Barnett, author of Desert Sands: The Recordings and Performances of Stuff Smith, says that Smith probably left Chicago by the end of 1952, and had relocated to New York by February 1953 at the latest. Tommy Hunter recalled recording this get-together (supposedly, just one tune because Sonny was running out of tape) in 1948 or 1949. Sonny Blount had traveled to Cleveland earlier in 1948 to purchase an early model recorder that used paper tapes.

Sun5a. Sonny Blount and Jesse Miller

Michael Anderson has found additional tracks from the "Deep Purple" session (or at least in close temporal proximity to it). A 1-minute incomplete version of "Yesterdays" is by Sonny and a trumpet player Anderson identifies as Jesse Miller.

Jesse Miller Jr. was born in Houston, Texas, on August 16, 1921. He graduated from DuSable High School in Chicago, where like so many others he got his musical training from the legendary Captain Walter Dyett. In June 1940 he joined Local 208 of the Musicians Union. He played in the bands of Tiny Bradshaw and King Kolax. Miller first recorded in 1944, with a combo of young musicians variously billed as the Chicago Jazzmen and the Session Six. Session 12-009 included a rendition of "Yesterdays," on which Miller shared solo space with tenor saxophonist Eddie Johnson. At the time, Miller was leading a band at Joe's Deluxe Club with a talented but erratic lineup that included Ike Day on drums. In June 1945, Miller's band took over at the Club DeLisa after Red Saunders left; it was Miller who was replaced, in turn, by Fletcher Henderson in February 1946. Sonny played in Jesse Miller's band at some point the late 1940s and often mentioned him in interviews. Miller was also a member of Gene Ammons' combo, appearing on Jug's last session for Mercury on October 4, 1949. Shortly afterwards, he was diagnosed with Hodgkins Disease, which in those days was incurable. Jesse Miller died in County Hospital, Chicago, on January 24, 1950 (Chicago Defender, January 28, 1950, p. 2).

Sun5b. Sonny Blount

Other gigs were less uplifting. In mid-1949, Sonny and Tommy Hunter began playing in trios in Calumet City, a southern Chicago suburb, outside the territory of Local 208, known mainly for its strip joints. Few musicians would have been thrilled with the setting or the nature of the work, which was Sonny's major source of income for some time. Worse yet, the girls were White and the Mob, which controlled the clubs, dictated that Black bands had to play behind a curtain. More rewarding work came from the Club DeLisa, which he retained his connection with for several years. He wrote arrangements for the medium-sized Red Saunders band. Some musicians recall him spelling for Earl Washington in the Saunders band, but Saunders doesn't seem to have liked his playing and such opportunities were infrequent at best.

Sun6. "Red" Saunders and Orchestra

Chicago, c. December 1948

SU-180	Trust in Me (Wever-Schwartz-Ager) [GF voc] -1	Supreme 1523-B
SU-181	Synthesis (Ventura) [ens voc] -1	Supreme 1523-A
SU-?	unidentified title ["Synthesis"] -1	Night Train International CD 7027
SU-?	Legs Gettin' Bigger and Bigger [prob. GK, ens voc]	Night Train International CD 7013

Supreme 1523 was a 78 rpm single, released in 1949. Our basic information comes from Leadbitter, Fancourt, and Pelletier, Blues Records 1943-1970, Vol. 2 (1994 edition). Thanks to Anthony Barnett for pointing out this listing, which doesn't mention the vocalist on "Trust in Me" or the band scatting on "Synthesis." The Supreme labels give George Floyd's name. Floyd was a member of Fletcher Henderson band that was in residence at the Club DeLisa from Feburary 1946 through May 1947; he is advertised in the Chicago Defender of December 18, 1948 on the bill for a DeLisa show that included Red Saunders' band.

Balladeer George Floyd (born in Pelham, Georgia, on July 17, 1912) came to Chicago from Los Angeles with Fletcher Henderson in 1946. Floyd implied in an interview with Charles Walton that all of his sides for Supreme were made in LA; however, there is no evidence that the Red Saunders band ever traveled to the West Coast, and such a trip in 1948 would have required a substitute band at the DeLisa for at least a week. Floyd did travel to the West Coast later when he recorded four more sides for Supreme (matrix numbers SU-210 through SU-213) with a small group led by Henderson; Lord gives February to April 1949 as the date and LA as the location, which make sense because the musicians were regulars on the LA scene. When his style of ballad singing went out of fashion in the early 1950s, George Floyd took a job with a Cadillac dealership. He died in Chicago on April 16, 2000.

Leadbitter et al.'s listings for Red Saunders, like other mainstream discographies, do not give arranger credits. They also make some noticeable mistakes. Fip Ricard is called "Flip Richard" and John Avant goes as "Joe Avant" throughout the Leadbitter entries. Ricard is generally referred to as "Flip" in discographies, though he was actually known as Fip, according to his interview in Jazz Monthly, February 1964.

Chris Trent believes that "Trust in Me" was arranged by Sonny Blount, and rlc concurs. The arrangement is very much like the arrangements for "Hour of Parting" and other ballads from Sun Ra's famous Arkestra session of March 6, 1959.

"Synthesis" is an orthodox bebop number, written by Charlie Ventura during his "bop for the people" phase. The evidence for Sonny Blount's involvement lies in the meticulous arch form: vocal ensemble-alto sax solo-trumpet solo-contrasting instrumental ensemble-tenor sax solo-baritone sax solo-vocal ensemble. Compare "Super Blonde," as recorded by Sun Ra's Arkestra probably on June 16, 1956.

The piece called "Synthesis" on 1995 on Night Train International CD 7027, Music from and Inspired by Devil in a Blue Dress, is an entirely different performance of a different piece! (The Night Train CD is a various-artists collection, issued in 1995; the other tracks are by Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Johnny Otis, Charles Brown, Lloyd Glenn, Frantic Faye Thomas, etc.) The second "Synthesis" is also a bop instrumental, but here the opening is martial trumpets answered by the drums, then a chorus led by the tenor and baritone saxes, with dissonant flourishes from the piano on the bridge. The second chorus is mostly call and response between muted trumpets and the saxes. The third chorus features a baritone sax solo by Mac Easton. The fourth is a trumpet-dominated ensemble with more dissonant piano sprinkles; the final eight bars are a sax-led ensemble that more than slightly resembles 1956 Sun Arkestra scoring!), then a brief muted trumpet solo (probably by Fip Ricard), then a pretty typical bebop tag.

"Legs Gettin' Bigger and Bigger" was included in Night Train International CD 7013, Swing Time Jive, a various artists collection derived from the Down Beat, Swing Time, Exclusive, and Superior labels. Other artists include Ray Charles, Joe Liggins, Mabel Scott, and the Basin Street Boys. The CD was released in 1995.

The Night Train notes claim that "Legs" was recorded in Los Angeles, but they also claim that the dates with Bunky Redding were cut in LA, so they should not be taken seriously. Presumably "Legs" is from the same session as the others. There is no evidence that it was released at the time. The lead vocalist on this jivey number is definitely not George Floyd. The best bet would be George Kirby, a comic who did impressions at the Club DeLisa. Kirby was actually a good singer; fortunately for those of us who never saw him live, he recorded one vocal that is actually credited on the label ("Ice Man Blues" with Tom Archia). "Legs" includes a trombone solo (probably by Johnny Avant) and an alto sax solo by Porter Kilbert. It has a typical smooth Saunders arrangement, with no obvious signs of Sonny Blount.

Sun7. Dorothy Donegan acc. by "Red" Saunders and his Orchestra

Columbia Studio, Chicago, May or early June 1950

CCO 5156	D. D. D. [Dorothy Donegan's Doghouse] (Saunders-R. Alan)		Columbia 30223
CCO 5158	Ridin' Boogie (Donegan-J. Todd)		Columbia 30223

Before we put it on our Red Saunders page, this session had never been mentioned in a jazz discography. Dan Kochakian owns a copy of Columbia 30223, a 78-rpm single issued around September 23, 1950, according to First Pressings.. Obviously, the recording date was slightly earlier than the next Saunders session. Personnel identified by ear; there is a baritone sax solo (definitely Mac Easton) on "D.D.D."; "Ridin' Boogie" includes a tenor solo (Leon Washington) and a muted trombone solo (this must be by "Booby" Floyd as Johnny Avant was into J. J. Johnson). The arrangement is consistent with Sonny Blount's work at the time, and Sun Ra later said in interviews that he admired Dorothy Donegan's playing. It is not known whether additional unissued titles were recorded at this session--but that missing matrix number (CCO 5157) is tempting.

Adding interest to the next session is the presence of Oran "Hot Lips" Page, the famous Swing soloist and blues singer (1908 - 1954). Lips was in Chicago in March 1950, when his band headlined at the Regal Theater (1 week contract posted with Local 208 on March 2). On April 6, he posted a four-week contract with the Brass Rail (a major jazz establishment in the Loop.) We're not quite sure what he was doing in town in June, when he sat in for Fip Ricard, but he was under contract to Columbia at the time, so it may have been the record company's idea. Unfortunately, Lips got no solos or vocal features.

Sun8. Red Saunders and his Orchestra

Columbia Studio, Chicago, June 15, 1950

CCO 5170	Blow, "Mr. Low-Blow" [JW, ens voc] -1 (Saunders-D. Williams)	Columbia 30218
CCO 5171	Sharecropper Boogie [LB voc]	Columbia [unissued]
CCO 5172	CHI [Chicago] [JW voc] -1	Epic E3K 48912 [CD]
CCO 5173	Lyin' Girl Blues [JW voc] (Saunders-L. Washington-J. Williams) -1	Columbia 30218, Epic E3K 48912 [CD]

Columbia 30218 was a 78 rpm single released in 1950. Little Miss Sharecropper was working the Club DeLisa with Red in June 1950, and there is a mention of this session in Billboard for July 1950. Epic E3K 48912 was a collection on 3 CDs released in 1993 and titled The OKeh Rhythm & Blues Story 1949-1957. Session information from Leadbitter, Fancourt, and Pelletier with some help from the Epic booklet. Leadbitter et al. give the matrix numbers as 5120-5123 but on the original labels of Columbia 30218, the matrices are given as 5170 and 5173. Lord lists this session (with the correct matrix numbers) as though it was led by Hot Lips Page!

According to Chris Trent, the voicings on "CHI" and "Lyin' Girl Blues" (especially in the saxes) indicate that Sonny Blount arranged them. In rlc's opinion, "Blow Mr. Low-Blow," though more basic R&B with a long featured solo by Mac Easton, could also be Sonny's handiwork. "Sharecropper Boogie" remains unissued and is unavailable for examination.

Columbia would use singer "Jumpin'" Joe Williams on many of Red's sessions for Columbia and OKeh. Born Joseph Goreed in Cordele, Georgia, on December 12, 1918, Joe came to Chicago with his family as a teenager. After gaining experience in a gospel singing group, he changed his name to Joe Williams and used his smooth baritone primarily in ballad singing. In a questionnaire for one of Leonard Feather's jazz encyclopedias (the material is now at the Institute for Jazz Studies in Newark, NJ; our thanks to John Szwed for checking the files there), Red Saunders took credit for encouraging Joe Williams to sing the blues. Williams had worked many a night at the Club DeLisa with Red's backing before Columbia saw fit to include him on a Red Saunders recording session. Even though Columbia and OKeh did not reap any major commercial success from the combination (Joe did not hit the big time until he went on the road with Count Basie at the end of 1954), the decision made perfect sense artistically.

Sun9. Miss Sharecropper

Chicago, December 1950 or January 1951

NSC668	Take out Some Time -1	National 9153, Savoy SJL2256
NSC669	I've Tried -1	National 9151, Savoy SJL2256
NSC670	How Long -2	National 9151
NSC671	I Want to Rock -2	National 9153, Savoy SJL2256

LaVern Baker was born Delores LaVern Baker in Chicago. When she began to hit it big, she was married to Eugene Williams and was going under the name Delores Williams. She was first mentioned in advertisements on September 28 and October 19, 1946, when the Defender ran ads for the Timber Tap Lounge (217 East 31st), proprietor George Woods, with the Timber Tap Two as featured artists; the undercard consisted of a shake dancer and "Little Miss Sharecropper." LaVern Baker said that she signed a contract with the Club DeLisa in November 1946, and there is no reason to doubt this. The first mention of her name in an advertisement for that club was on February 8, 1947, when she was playing in the Favorites of 1947 show, under the name of "Midget LaVern" (actually spelled "Laverine," but that is well within the confidence limits for nightclub ads of the era). She was backed by the Fletcher Henderson band, with Sonny Blount at the piano.

In a Brookmont Lounge ad for August 7, 1948, she was listed as "Sharecopper, Queen of the Blues." On February 25, 1949, she cut her first recording; she sang "I Wonder Baby" on a session led by Eddie "Sugarman" Penigar (Victor 22-0016). She was listed on the label as Little Miss Sharecropper and in the company files as "D. L. McMurley" (see our Sax Mallard discography for details). On April 23, 1949, she was referred to as "Little Miss Share Cropper, Song Stylist" (the handle was blatantly patterned after Little Miss Cornshucks) in a Blue Dahlia ad. There were adverts for her in the Chicago Defender, all as Little Miss Sharecropper, pretty regularly thereafter up to the Fall of 1951: for instance, a breakfast dance at the Miramar Ballroom, December 24, 1949 (with Wardell Gray's Sextet); at the Club DeLisa on August 12, 1950, at Ralph's Club on October 21, 1950, at Joe's Rendezvous Lounge in February 1951, at the Indiana Theatre on September 15, 1951 (a midnight "Battle of Blues" with Memphis Minnie), and at the Crown Propeller Lounge, where she was the "new headliner" on September 22. She appears to have moved to Detroit after that point. She made one recording with the Detroit-based band Maurice King and his Wolverines (March 1951 for OKeh, supposedly in New York City; it was released on OKeh 6800, and on that occasion she went as Bea Baker); after that she began performing as LaVern Baker. In 1952 she recorded with Todd Rhodes.

Because of her later Detroit connections, some sources have incorrectly given Detroit as the location for this session and ca. 1950 as the date. Lord says ca. late 1950 and specifies no location; he renders "I've Tried" as "I'll Try."

The personnel were identified by ear. This is clearly the Red Saunders unit of the period. Porter Kilbert is featured on "Take out Some Time." Mac Easton solos on "I Want to Rock" and "How Long." Earl Washington does the Roosevelt Sykes thing on "I've Tried" and boogies on "I Want to Rock." The sax section writing on "Take out Some Time" (almost evanescent) and "I've Tried" suggests Sonny's involvement. It is unfortunate that "How Long" was never reissued, as it has prominent drumming from Red and concludes with a drum solo.

National 9151 and 9153 were 78-rpm singles released in 1951. The label was faltering at the time--its only known release after 9153 would be 9158. Savoy SJL2256 was an LP released in the early 1980s, a various artists collection titled Ladies Sing the Blues, Volume 2, in the Roots of Rock'n'Roll Series, #12. Our thanks to James Wolf for information about the Savoy LP.

All National matrix numbers were in chronological sequence; NSC650 and 651 came from a Kate Smith date on November 27, 1950.

Some accounts claim that around 1950 Sunny became seriously depressed. In any event, he was giving a lot of thought to non-musical matters: "I was busy with spirit things," he once said about this period. "I wasn't even really here." His concerns about racism and man's inhumanity to man were coming together with his extensive readings from books about the occult, his analysis of the hidden meanings to be found in the Bible, and old anthropological speculations to the effect that Egypt was the source of all civilization and we are all "children of the sun."

Sonny Blount was in his mid-30s now. By that age a great many jazz musicians have already said whatever they're going to say. He had played piano, been in charge of the band book, even led his own bands. He had steady musical employment and did a fair amount of arranging on the side. Some musicians considered him a weirdo. Others saw him as a studious type who said little and spent a lot of time at the piano (Gene Wright compared him to John Lewis). His compositions had always kept up with the latest developments in Swing, but pieces like Fission and Thermodynamics weren't as futuristic as their titles made them sound. When bebop came along, Sonny listened carefully and took what he wanted from it. Junior Mance recalls, for instance, that Sonny was the first pianist in Chicago to play like Bud Powell. But while there are traces of the Powell influence on Sunny's 1956 recordings (most notably "Urnack" and "Future"), it's a lot easier to hear Fats Waller than Bud Powell in his later playing. Sunny was also paying close attention to the eccentric local pianist Willie Jones (1920 - 1977). Jones had evolved a sound about halfway between Milt Buckner and Cecil Taylor; he was known as "The Piano Wrecker" because of his imposing size and pulverizing attack on the instrument. Still, it was hard to identify a Sonny Blount sound. His earliest appearances in the Chicago recording studios would not make anyone think of either Bud Powell or Willie Jones.

While countless working musicians have been satisfied with these kinds of results, Sonny had bigger goals. In 1950 or 1951, he started a band to play his own, frankly far-out music. He called it the Space Trio: one charter member was Laurdine "Pat" Patrick (1929 - 1991), who played alto and baritone sax. The drum chair was occupied on some occasions by Tommy Hunter. On other occasions it was taken by Robert Barry, who would soon emerge as a leading bebop drummer in town.

Sun9a. The Space Trio

"Treasure Hunt" is an exploratory piece, about 2 1/2 minutes long. It was recorded on Sunny's first tape machine and bears the titles "Treasure Hunt" and "c. 1950" in his handwriting. Obviously, the title and date were attached later; Sun Ra like to keep his tapes underdocumented, even tearing off leaders.

"Treasure Hunt" got its first public performance on May 22, 1995, on a WKCR-FM memorial broadcast. Our thanks to Charles Blass for information. Musicans were identified by ear.

Sonny fell in with a secret society on the South Side of Chicago. It preached an unusual variety of Black Nationalism, admonishing Black men to recognizethe importance of outer space if they were to better their lot in the future. From the sparse and self-serving accounts we've been given, we don't know how much Sonny learned from the other members and how much they picked up from him. We do know that Alton Abraham, who was to become the Arkestra's manager and head of Sun Ra's record label, was affiliated with this group, as were his brother Artis, his friend James Bryant, Lawrence Allen, tenor saxophonist T. S. Mims, Sr., and others who would later provide financial backing for recordings. The secret society eventually developed more public manifestations called Thmei Research and Saturn Research. Sound was within the purview of Saturn Research. Thmei was concerned with theosophy and the occult.

Abraham and his friends may have had celestial yearnings but they were a rough bunch. Musicians from that period appreciate Abraham's effectiveness at getting bookings, but many thought he was a gangster. It's not hard to understand why, when we learn that on one occasion a trumpet player showed up drunk and messed up one of Sunny's rehearsals. Lawrence Allen took care of the problem by shoving a loaded pistol under the musician's nose and telling him, "Time to go home and read your Bible."

Sun10. Red Saunders & his Orchestra / Red Saunders & his Orch. ^

Columbia Studios, Chicago, April 20, 1951

CCO 5251	Stop Pretty Baby Stop (Lovett-L. Washington-Saunders) [JW, ens voc] -1	OKeh 6801
CCO 5252	Mistreatin' Woman Blues (Saunders-Washington) ^ [JW voc] -1	OKeh 7061, Moonshine LP 114
CCO 5253	Week Day Blues [JW voc] (J. Woods-Saunders) -1	OKeh 6834, Moonshine LP 114, Epic E3K 48912 [CD]
CCO 5254	4 A.M. (L. Washington-M. Easton-Saunders) -1	OKeh 6801

OKeh 6801 was a single, released on 45, 78, and 33(!) rpm. (An advert in Cash Box, July 21, 1951, which kicked off the revived OKeh label indicates that OKeh 6800-6804 were all released on 33 1/3 rpm singles. This experiment was presumably terminated in a hurry...) OKeh 6801 was was scheduled for release on June 4, 1951 and apparently came out in early July (it was one of the 5 leadoff singles for the newly revived imprint). "Stop" was the A side, "4 A. M." the B side. (The title on the label was just "4 A.M.," not "4 A.M. Blues" as previous discographies have it.) OKeh 6834 was a single, released on 45 and 78 rpm, probably also in 1951. OKeh 7061 was a 45 rpm single, released around September 10, 1955; "Mistreatin' Woman" was the B side.

Moonshine 114 was a Dutch various artists LP titled Leapin' on Lenox. Epic E3K 48912 was a collection of 3 CDs released in 1993 and entitled The OKeh Rhythm & Blues Story 1949-1957. Session information from Leadbitter, Fancourt, and Pelletier, 1994 edition, and the Epic booklet.

According to Chris Trent, the chord voicings and treatment of rhythm on "Week Day Blues" indicate Sonny Blount's involvement. "Stop Pretty Baby Stop" and "4 A. M. Blues" have comparable touches, as does "Mistreatin' Woman Blues." "Mistreatin'" has no horn solos but it does include some drum breaks for Red.

Sun11. Red Saunders and his Orchestra / Red Saunders & his Orch.^

OKeh 6856 was a single released around April 5, 1952; "Gentle Lover" was the A side. OKeh 6862 was a single released in February 1952 on both 78 and 45 rpm; "Boot 'em Up" was the B side. (On the strength of "Hambone," the A-side which was Red's only hit record, there was also a Canadian release.) OKeh 6834 was a single released on 78 and 45 rpm, probably in late 1951. OKeh 6914 was a single released on 45 and 78 rpm, probably in late 1952. OKeh 7061 was a 45 rpm single released around September 10, 1955.

Although the booklet to the Epic box set claims to include an alternate take of "Hey Bartender," all releases have used the same take. The Epic reissues give the title as "Hey Bartender Buy That Man a Drink" but the short form is what appeared on the original OKeh release.

Surely the weirdest reissue of the title was on the B side of a red vinyl EP, Memories Record Prevue MEP-1003. It was incorrectly credited there to "Big Joe Williams & The Red Saunders Orch."; its sidemate was "Hillybilly Blues" by Eddie Clearwater. The A side contained the Mercury and Watch versions of "Bald Head" by Roy Byrd (better known as Professor Longhair).

Epic E3K 48912 was a collection of 3 CDs released in 1993 and titled The OKeh Rhythm & Blues Story 1949-1957. According to the Epic booklet, the version of "Hey Bartender" released on CD is an alternate take. Columbia CK40799 is a various-artists CD released in 1996 under the title Columbia Jazz Masterpieces--The 1950s: The Singers; other performers include Hot Lips Page, Dolores Hawkins, Babs Gonzalez, and Louis Armstrong (information from the online All-Music Guide).

Other sources of information on this session: Leadbitter et al., 1994 edition, a doowop "repro" catalog provided by Anthony Barnett, and the Epic booklet.

Leadbitter left out the last two items from this session, both of which featured June Davis. Jepsen did include her sides, and our session information about them is from that source. To our knowledge, June Davis never worked the Club DeLisa. Our first evidence of her comes from 1940, when she worked with a rehearsal band led by pianist Frank Melrose. Three privately recorded sides survive with her vocals on them; they were not commercially relased until 2006. Of these, "Bluesiana" and "Have You Ever Felt That Way" are obvious imitations of Billie Holiday. "If You'se a Viper," a duet with Melrose, is in a lighter, more pop-oriented style much closer to her recorded work with Red Saunders. June Davis was singing at El Grotto (64th and Cottage Grove, the predecessor to the Beige Room and Budland) in December 1946. She did not record again until this Red Saunders session.

"Last Night's Party" is early rock and roll with minimal writing, but according to ChrisTrent "the bottom-heavy sound of the band" suggests it may be Sonny Blount's work; rlc concurs. The piece shows distinct and early New Orleanian influence and somewhat resembles Sun Ra's 1958 composition "Great Balls of Fire." "Hey Bartender" incorporates a favorite Ra riff drawn from "Saint Louis Blues" and the rhythm bears Ra fingerprints as well. "Boot 'em Up" is a fluent but obvious imitation of the Basie band, circa 1938; but note the blatting trombone pedal under the ensemble, just before the false ending. Sonny could have lifted this feature from the Red Allen jump band of the 1940s with Don Stovall, whom he is known to have admired. "Sugar Bounce" mixes in some bop licks, and commits outright thievery from "Jumpin' with Symphony Sid"; note the sax ensemble as the piece fades. Sonny's involvement in "Gentle Lover" seems clear; "J. D. Blues" is an informal blues, and there his contributions, if any, would be harder to trace.

Red scores his only international release. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

Sun12. Red Saunders & his Orch. with Dolores Hawkins & The Hambone Kids* / Red Saunders & his Orchestra

Columbia Studio, Chicago, January 18, 1952

CCO 5314	Hambone* (Saunders-L. Washington-H. McGrier) -1	OKeh 6862, Columbia [Can] C-1926
CCO 5314 [alt.], JZSP 59257	Hambone* (Saunders-Washington-McGrier) -1	OKeh 7166, OKeh 7282, Epic LP 22125, Epic EG 37649, Edsel ED 149, Edsel ED CD 149, Century CD #
CCO 5315	La Raspa (trad.)	OKeh 6884

OKeh 6862 was a single issued on 45 rpm and 78 rpm in February 1952 (large display ads in Billboard and Cash Box showed the Kids performing in front of Red and his drums). "Hambone" was the A side. The originally issued take of "Hambone" included Dolores Hawkins' whistling but lacked her vocal interjections; it also included a brief passage for the full band and a tenor sax solo. The Kids' rhythmic practice is "hamboning" or "patting juba": slapping various body parts as a substitute for drumming. Dee Clark, as Sammy McGrier pointed out in Pruter's book, also stamped with his heel on the 2nd and 4th beats. Horace McGrier Sr. wrote two verses for the song, though he is not credited on the label (shame, shame).

"Hambone" was Red Saunders' only hit: it went to #20 on the R&B charts for one week, and according to an October 1952 article in Billboard, "OKeh Records hit the 80,000 figure with the Red Saunders waxing." Red's comment to Art Hodes was succinct: "It got us this house--the down payment." The single sold well enough to justify a Canadian release (we're pretty sure it's the only one that Saunders ever got); on the Canadian 78 the matrix number for "Hambone" carries suffix -2A.

What purported to be a straight reissue of "Hambone" appeared as the A side of OKeh 7166 (in 1963) and again on OKeh 7282 (in 1967); both were 45-rpm singles. The occasion for the reissue is made clear on the label to 7166: "As Featured by Sandy Becker on His TV show 'Sandy's Hour'." The JZSP number is the contemporary Columbia master number that appears on the label of 7166. In fact the reissues used an alternate take of "Hambone," running 2:13, in which the Hambone Kids and Dolores Hawkins are accompanied throughout by guitar, bass, and drums only; the rest of the band contributes nothing, except shouts of "Hambone!" at the beginning and end of the piece. Thanks to Dan Ferone for providing label scans of OKeh 7166. Thanks to John McCarthy for pointing out that the reissue of "Hambone" was on OKeh 7282as well as OKeh 7166 as reported in Leadbitter, Fancourt, and Pelletier's blues discography, and for providing a dub of OKeh 7282.

The flip side of both reissue singles was "Rumble Mambo" by Link Wray and the Wraymen, obviously not a Red Saunders number (as erroneously stated in Leadbitter). Our thanks to the online Link Wray discography (http://pages.prodigy.com/cyclops/linkwray.html) for the release dates (Robert Pruter mentions the 1963 reissue of "Hambone" in Doowop: The Chicago Scene).

The coupling of "Hambone" and "Rumble Mambo" (it would be interesting to know the record-company logic behind this...) has caused confusion in the Link Wray camp as well. Jeff Hall points out that a collection of what were supposed to be 16 of Link Wray's late-1950s recordings was issued on in England on Edsel ED 149 [LP] and ED CD 149 in 1989. The collection was titled Link Wray & The Raymen. It included the alternate take of "Hambone" as a Link Wray performance! A subsequent CD collection of Wray material from this period on the Sony label avoided this blunder.

The alternate take was probably used on Epic LP 22125 (a 2-LP set of OKeh Rhythm and Blues released in 1982) and definitely on Epic EG 37649, Okeh Rhythm & Blues (apparently a reissue of this 2-LP set). On a recent bootleg doo-wop "repro" single, "Hambone" appears as the A side (the B side is "Zeke'l Zeke'l" from the next session); the "repro" is billed as derived from OKeh 6862. A 1990s compilation CD, Pop Fifties Vol. 7, includes "Hambone" (in the company of "Cry" by Johnny Ray, "The Twelfth of Never" by Johnny Mathis, and other distinctly non-R&B material); it was issued by Century Records in Canada for use by radio stations. That version of "Hambone" is said to have been taken from OKeh 6862; we have not been able to check the CD.

OKeh 6884 was a single issued on 45 and 78 rpm in May 1952. "La Raspa" was the B side. Chris Trent is sure that Sonny Blount did not arrange "La Raspa," which he describes as "a medley of European and Latin American tunes for which [Sonny] could never have been responsible." Clearly true. "La Raspa" is clumsy march music without swing or convincing Latin rhythm, and the sectional writing is incompetent. "Hambone," on the other hand, is the historical intermediary between the "band vocals" of the Swing era and such numbers as "It's Christmas Time," which Sunny recorded with a group called the Qualities in 1959--as well as Sunny's ubiquitous space chants.

Sun13. Red Saunders & his Orchestra / Red Saunders & his Orch. ^

Columbia Studio, Chicago, April 3, 1952

CCO 5330	Zeke'l Zeke'l (Saunders-Dahl) [HK voc] -1, 2	OKeh 6884
CCO 5331	Piece A-Puddin' (Toombs) ^ [HK voc] -1 [Listen to Piece-A-Puddin']	OKeh 6914
CCO 5332	Portrait of Vintage P. McWorm	OKeh (unissued)

OKeh 6884 was a single, issued on 45 and 78 rpm in May 1952. "Zeke'l Zeke'l" was the A side. "Zeke'l Zeke'l" was reissued on the B side of a bootleg "repro" single with "Hambone" as the A side. OKeh 6914 was a single, released in late 1952 in 78 and 45 rpm. Track and personnel information from Leadbitter et al., who give no vocal credits. An uncredited electric guitar is prominent on "Zeke'l Zeke'l." The hamboning on "Piece-A-Puddin'" occurs only at the beginning.

"Piece A-Puddin'" was probably arranged by Sonny Blount, according to Chris Trent. The writing resembles Ra's arrangement for "The Sun Man Speaks." rlc concurs, citing the "heavy bottom" to the arrangement. Sonny's involvement in "Zeke'l Zeke'l" is also likely. The unissued track has obviously not been checked.

1952 seems to have been a year for name changes. On February 18, Fritz Jones appeared in front of a Cook County judge; he emerged from the courtroom as Ahmad Jamal. Sunny would follow suit 8 months later, proclaiming his vocation: that he was a citizen of Saturn, not of Planet Earth; that he was not human, but rather of an angel race; that he was to serve as the Cosmic Communicator, bringing the Creator's message to benighted Earthlings. On October 20, 1952, he officially changed his name to Le Sony'r Ra -- Ra after the Egyptian sun god, Sony for reasons both heliocentric and mundane, and an extra "r" to bring the total up to a cosmically significant nine letters. This was the name that appeared on his passport. With characteristic modesty, he explained that he went through the legal rigmarole because "Jesus Christ should have registered himself with the authorities. Then he wouldn't have had any trouble". Sun Ra (in earlier days, Le Sun Ra) was technically his stage name.

He deliberately concealed his former life. He would say that he was never really named Herman Blount, that he had always used other names, that the name "didn't have no rhythm" anyhow. He spoke rarely, if at all, about his roots in Birmingham. (However, Local 208 never forgot his name; its officials would know him as Herman Blount throughout his stay in Chicago.) In time he would rename his band the Arkestra (a respelling that just happens to include "Ra" both forwards and backwards).

1952 wouldn't be such a good year for Sunny's young protégé Pat Patrick. The Board meeting minutes of Local 208 often recorded requests for personal loans from musicians; these were invariably turned down.

In March 1953, Patrick was in hot water with Local 208, making an appearance on March 5 "to show cause why he should not be fined, suspended, or expelled" on account of playing a dance at Englewood High School on February 17.

Patrick was then enrolled at Florida A&M University; in the summer of 1953 he would return to rehearsing with Sun Ra as well as performing with Paul Bascomb's combo (see our Parrot page for the latter).

1953 was the year of the arrangements. Sunny was making no commercial recordings of his own, and probably didn't feel that his experimental ensemble was ready to make them. But he was willing now to put his stamp on arrangements written for others, to a degree not previously heard. His name did not appear on a single record label in 1953--in one case the band's didn't either--but Red Saunders was now recording his aggressively "modern" arrangements: "Voodoo Blues," "It's Raining Again," "Summertime." And the opening bars of "Call My Baby" announce, for all who care to hear, that Sun Ra has arrived.

Sun14. Red Saunders & his Orch.

Columbia Studio, Chicago, January 21, 1953

CCO 5400, ZSP 13401	Mambo in Trumpet (Salamanca) [ens grunts]	OKeh 6953
CCO 5401	Honky Tonk Train Blues (Meade Lux Lewis) -1	Columbia/Legacy CK64988 [CD]
CCO 5402, ZSP 13400	Probably (Hampton-Saunders) [JW, ? voc]	OKeh 6953
CCO 5403	Voodoo Blues (Saunders-P. Williams) [JW, ? voc]	Epic E3K 48912 [CD]

OKeh 6953 was a single released in April 1953, in both 78 and 45 rpm versions. By this time, Columiba had started its ZSP series for items that the company mastered and pressed; both sides of 6953 carry ZSP numbers in place of CCO numbers. Epic E3K 48912 was a collection of 3 CDs released in 1993 and titled The OKeh Rhythm & Blues Story 1949-1957. Columbia/ Legacy CK-64988 is a CD titled Juke Joint Jump: A Boogie Woogie Celebration; it was released in October 1996. Our basic information about these tracks draws from Leadbitter, Fancourt, and Pelletier, Blues Records 1943-1970 L-Z, Vol. 2, 1994 edition. Leadbitter et al. miss the vocal group (apparently 4 singers) on "Voodoo Blues" (they do get cited for "Probably," where the original label mmerely refers to them as "Chorus").

According to Chris Trent, "Mambo in Trumpet" and "Probably" are "definitely Sun Ra arrangements." "Mambo in Trumpet" uses the heavy Latin rhythm that Sunny was fond of in the late 1950s. "Probably" has a post-Ellingtonian sax ensemble with a heavy bottom; since Riley Hampton, who would became a major recording session arranger after he left Saunders, co-composed the number, we suspect that Ra retouched what Hampton had written. Trent says that "Voodoo Blues" is a musical "Rosetta stone" that combines R&B with Ra's "heavy rhythm exotica." There are particularly noticeable Ra touches in the instrumental interlude for piano and percussion and the tenor sax solo with baritone obbligato. "Honky Tonk Train Blues" is a feature for Earl Washington's piano; the horns are restricted to an accompaniment role, full of train-whistle emulations. The handling of the saxes is characteristically deft, however, and the train whistling makes a good excuse for some dissonant writing. Indeed, Hampton, Washington, and Easton shift from a clarinet trio, through two clarinets and a tenor sax [a violation of orthodox jazz arranging rules], to their usual instruments.

Leadbitter et al. mistakenly list "Rumble Mambo" as another title from this session(!). John McCarthy points out that it was actually a track by Link Wray and his Wraymen that was used as the B side for the 1963 and 1967 issues of an alternate take of "Hambone" (on OKeh 7166 and 7282, both 45-rpm singles). See Jeff Hall's Link Wray discography at http://pages.prodigy.com/cyclops/linkwray.html).

Sun15. Jo Jo Adams

Universal Recording, Chicago, September 1953

P 53117	It's Been So Long	unissued
P 53118	Corrine	rejected
E-53119	Call My Baby (Adams)	Parrot 788, Relic 7016 [CD], Classics 5083 [CD]
E-53120	Rebecca (Adams) [Listen to Rebecca]	Parrot 788, Relic 7016 [CD], Classics 5083 [CD]

In all previous discographies the personnel of Parrot 788, a single released in November 1953, was given as unknown.

It is obvious to the ear that this is a Red Saunders ensemble, and that Red is on drums. Sonny Cohn is the lead trumpeter. There is no alto saxophone. Leon Washington solos on both sides, a little more grittily than usual. The feature for guitar in "Call My Baby" is the work of player with a heavy attack, like Charlie Christian or T-Bone Walker; the guitarist accompanies four to the bar throughout both tracks in a Freddie Green style. The same guitarist appears to have been on Adams' 1947 session with Tom Archia for Aristocrat. Whoever it is, it isn't Ike Perkins.

The pieces may both be midtempo blues in the same key, but the band is clearly reading from charts. The arrangements definitely are by Sun Ra; especially on "Call My Baby," they keep threatening to turn into early Arkestra numbers, then veer temporarily back to the usual formulae. The arrangements are not just remarkable in their own right; they show Sun Ra's "far out" style emerging from its chrysalis. Thanks to the late Otto Flückiger for careful listening to these sides.

Parrot did not credit a composer on either released side; however, Relic gives Jo Jo Adams as the composer.

By interpolation in the Parrot matrix series (see our Parrot Discography), a date in September 1953 is indicated. The E- prefix indicates that this record was originally slated for release on a subsidiary called Eagle, which Al Benson ended up deciding not to open. In the list of Parrot/Blue Lake tapes that were leased to Chess in 1958 or 1959, four Jo Jo Adams tracks were included in tape box 2027 along with six tracks by the Crume Brothers, a gospel group. The Chess tape list is our source for the titles of the two unreleased sides. "Corrine," which according to Donn Fileti was rejected, was an attempted remake of a number from Jo Jo's first session for Melody Lane/Hy-Tone.

Relic 7016, Cool Playing Blues: Chicago Style, is a CD of Blues material recorded for Parrot Records. The other featured artists are "Little Papa Joe" [Jody Williams], L.C. McKinley, Curtis Jones, St. Louis Jimmy (see the 1956 entry below) and J.T. "Nature Boy" Brown.

Sun16. Joe Williams

Joe Williams Sings Everyday

Universal Recording, Chicago, September 28, 1953

53126?	It's Raining Again (Ra)		Regent 6002, Savoy MG 12216, Savoy SJL 1140, Denon/Savoy SV-0199 [CD]
53127?	Always on the Blue Side (Ra)		Regent 6002, Savoy MG 12216, Savoy SJL 1140, Denon/Savoy SV-0199 [CD]

Sun16a. Joe Williams

Joe Williams Sings Everyday

Universal Recording, Chicago, September 28 or December 31, 1953

	Detour Ahead (J. Frigo-Carter-Ellis)	Regent 6002, Savoy MG 12216, Savoy SJL 1140, Denon/Savoy SV-0199 [CD]
	Blow Mr. Low (Saunders-D. Williams)	Regent 6002, Savoy 116, Savoy MG 12216, Savoy SJL 1140, Denon/Savoy SV-0199 [CD]
BL-54104	Tired of Moving (Williams)	Blue Lake 102, Regent 6002, Savoy 116, Savoy MG 12216, Savoy SJL 1140, Denon/Savoy SV-0199 [CD], Empire Musicwerks CD N-1
BL-54103	In the Evening (L. Carr)	Blue Lake 102, Regent 6002, Savoy MG 12216, Savoy SJL 1140, Denon/Savoy SV-0199 [CD], Empire Musicwerks CD N-1

Blue Lake 102 was a 78 (probably also 45) rpm single released in January 1954 (which is when Parrot opened its Blue Lake subsidiary). "In the Evening" is credited to Joe Turner on the original label. "Tired of Moving" (called "Time for Moving" on some reissues) and "Blow Mr. Low" also appeared on Savoy 116, a 45 rpm single released later in the 1950s. We have grouped together the two items known to have been recorded on September 28, but have otherwise followed the order of the tracks on the Regent and Savoy LPs, as we do not know the original matrix numbers or even the precise recording date for four of the six tracks.

Parrot / Blue Lake was sold in March 1956 and became inactive in the fall of that year. While some of the remnants were licensed to Chess later, and others ended up in the hands of Relic Records, the Joe Williams masters were immediately sold to Regent/Savoy (which also bought a Coleman Hawkins session from the defunct label). All 6 tracks from this session were released in 1956 on the LP Regent 6002; they later appeared on LP as Savoy MG 12216 as Joe Williams Sings Everyday and were reissued (in 1984) on Savoy SJL 1140 under the title Everyday I Have the Blues. The Savoy album was reissued in its entirety on CD as Denon/Savoy SV-0199; issued in 1993, this reverted to the title Sings Everyday. All of these releases contained four other tracks recorded by Williams with a King Kolax unit (see the King Kolax Discography for these). In addition, the two sides that appeared on Joe Williams' Blue Lake single reappeared (in excellent sound) on Empire Musicwerks CD-N1, a collection of Parrot/Blue Lake jazz sides titled Jukebox Jazz! From the Southside of Chicago and released in December 2002.

The personnel are as listed in various sources, including Leslie Gourse's book, Every Day: The Story of Joe Williams (Quartet Books, 1985); Leadbitter et al. agree. Gourse says Williams gave 1950 as the date, but this is flatly unreliable (Blue Lake/Parrot did not exist in 1950!). And judging from Red's other recordings, there's no way he would have been performing so "modern" an arrangement as "It's Raining Again" in 1950. Walt Champion was also known as Walter Cole; he became Red's regular bassist later in the 1950s.

Leadbitter et al., reading more into the matrix numbers on the Blue Lake labels than is appropriate, give December 31, 1953 as the date, but the band on these vocal sides is smaller and includes a guitarist. In earlier versions of this discography, we gave early 1954 as the date. However, Bob Porter in his liner notes to SJL 1140 says that "It's Raining Again" and "Always on the Blue Side" were done on September 28, 1953 and the other four sides were cut "during that period." (The September 28 date is from the outside of a tape box, as was the custom at Parrot/Blue Lake.) A magazine article promoting the label appeared in December 1953 (now reproduced on our Parrot page); Joe Williams was one of the artists mentioned, so obviously some recording had already been done by then. Nothing would have prevented the sides from all being done at one session, but the only vacant Parrot matrix numbers around September 28, 1953 are 53125 and53126, while a block of 6 matrix numbers (53179 through 53184) opens up around the December 31 session. As many as four of the items we have listed here could actually be from the later session.

These were Joe Williams' last recordings in Chicago; he left town to join Count Basie around Christmas 1954.

Sun Ra discographer Julian Vein believes that all but "Blow Mr. Low" and "In the Evening" were arranged by Sun Ra; he published his opinion as early as 1967. Ra's involvement with "It's Raining Again" and "Always on the Blue Side" is particularly obvious; in fact, the lack of listed composer credits for these items is most intriguing. Sunny was not copyrighting any of his pieces during this period--and "Raining" and "Blue Side" sound like Ra compositions! "Tired of Moving" is a straightahead blues that Sunny is less likely to have composed; the original Blue Lake label attributes it to Joe Williams. Given Sunny's involvement with Saunders when the original "Blow Mr. Low-Blow" was cut in 1950, he probably at least retouched this piece and "In the Evening."

Sun17. Red Saunders and his Orchestra

Universal Recording, Chicago, December 31, 1953

BL-54101	Summertime (Gershwin)	Blue Lake 101, Chess CHV 415, Bellaphon [G] BJS4032, Empire Musicwerks CD-N1
BL-54102	Riverboat (Clark Terry) [Listen to Riverboat]	Blue Lake 101, Chess CHV 415, Bellaphon [G] BJS4032, Empire Musicwerks CD-N1
53181?	Lawdy, Lucy [ens shouts]	Chess CHV 413, Bellaphon [G] BJS4031

Blue Lake 101 was a 78 and 45 rpm single released in January 1954. "Lawdy Miss Lucy" and perhaps another unknown title were intended for release on Blue Lake (they were assigned matrix numbers 53181 and 53182, according to Leadbitter, Fancourt, and Pelletier; LFP mistake these numbers from the main Parrot matrix series, which started at U53100 and skipped from a U53 prefix to a U55, for numbers in the Blue Lake series, which started at BL-54101).

Parrot / Blue Lake went belly-up in 1956; Chess leased a big batch of masters from the company's last owner, John "Lawyer" Burton, in 1958 or 1959. Chess LP CHV 415 (released 1972) was titled Southside Jazz and CHV 413 (also released 1972), a compilation including Leo Parker, Sahib Shihab, and Red Saunders, was titled The Late Great King of the Baritone Sax. (The band shouts "Lawdy Miss Lucy" but the LP gives the title as "Lawdy, Lucy." The track was included because of Mac Easton's prominent baritone sax solo, in a style influenced by Leo Parker.) The Bellaphon issues (which are mentioned in Tom Lord's Jazz Discography) were German reissues of Chess material; dates and album titles unknown.

The date and personnel are from Joe Segal's liner notes to the Chess LP, CHV 415. The lineup fits the instrumentation that can be heard on the tracks, and was probably provided by Red Saunders himself. Leadbitter et al. supply incomplete instrumentation and no personnel, give two unknown titles for December 31, 1953, and refer to "Riverboat" and "Summertime" as 1954 recordings.

Sun Ra is not mentioned as the arranger in those notes, but Julian Vein has concluded that these were his arrangements. The arrangements are much more aggressively "modern" than anything the Saunders band committed to record earlier (except the interlude in "Voodoo Blues," and the two Jo Jo Adams sides done for Parrot in September). They appear to be Sunny's work from start to finish. According to Segal, the trombone soloist on "Summertime" is Marty Martinez, whereas Booby Floyd can be heard on "Riverboat."

The Clark Terry composition first appeared on record as "River Boat" on Flame 1003. Issued on a subsidiary of Franklin Kort's Swing Time label, the 78-rpm single came out in March 1952, according to a mention in the "R. & B. Beat" column in Billboard. There it was performed, in a very different arrangement, by a group led by guitarist Ike Perkins. Clark Terry was featured on trumpet, and Lonnie Simmons, whose composition "Organism" was used for the B side, played organ. Either Simmons or Perkins could have brought "Riverboat" to Saunders' attention.

Opportunities to get arrangements recorded unfortunately diminished during the following two years. Red Saunders recorded for Parrot/Blue Lake with Ann Carter (c. March 1954) and Walter Spriggs (c. October 1954), but there are no clear indications of Sunny's involvement with either session. Record companies were losing interest in the Saunders aggregation, and Sunny's last opportunity to arrange for Saunders would come in February 1955, behind singer Billy Brooks. However, he was doing occasional arrangements for King Kolax, who was leading a successful quintet during the period, and we believe that some of these made into record.

Sun18. King Kolax and his Quintette

Universal Recording, Chicago, December 22, 1954

54-222	What Have You Done to Me [GJ voc]	RST 1580 [CD], P-Vine Special [J] PCD 5271/4
54-223	Right Now [GJ, ens voc]	Top Rank RLP 111, Charly CRB 1043, RST 1580 [CD]
54-224	Push Out [KK voc]	unissued
55-225	Vivian (Kolax) -1	Vee-Jay 136
55-226	Goodnite Blues (Kolax) [KK voc]	Vee-Jay 136, Top Rank RLP 110, Charly CRB 1043

Session details from Lord's Jazz Discography. Lord has only 54-223 (misnumbered 54-233), 55-225, 55-226. The other items were filled in from Leadbitter and Slaven's Blues Records 1943 to 1970 A-K(1987). Leadbitter and Slaven have "Good Night Blues" for 54-225, and they give 54- as the prefix throughout (whereas Kurt Mohr gave 55- as the prefix for the last two items).

Vee-Jay 136 was a single released around June of 1955. Top Rank RLP110 was a French LP titled Jazzville Chicago Volume 1. RLP111 was titled Jazzville Chicago Volume 2. Both were compiled by Kurt Mohr and issued in 1962. Top Rank was a label belonging to the Rank Organisation in Britain; at the time Rank had a licensing agreement with Vee-Jay.

The second and fourth tracks were also issued on Charly LP CRB 1043, Rootin' and Tootin', a collection of Chicago R&B from small labels that was issued in 1985. The Charly LP notes incorrectly put "Right Now" on the next recording session. RST 1580 is an Austrian CD titled Grant "Mr. Blues" Jones: In the Dark (1949-1958). P-Vine Special PCD 5271/4 is a Japanese 4-CD box from 2000 titled Vee-Jay, The Chicago Black Music.The liner notes state that Jones is not the vocalist on "Goodnite Blues," even though other sources credit him with the vocals. King Kolax was a good enough singer that some have confused him with a professional blues shouter like Grant Jones...

Ken Ellzey suggests possible Sun Ra arrangements on both of King Kolax's sessions for Vee-Jay. Ra spoke of working with Kolax in interviews but revealed no details. Harold Ousley was indeed a member of an early Sun Ra band (in 1952). There is no need for Sun Ra arrangements (or anybody's arrangements) on generic jump band-style R&B like "Right Now," "What Have You Done to Me?," or "Goodnite Blues." However, "Vivian" (presumably named after Vivian Carter of Vee-Jay) is a mysterioso Latin number with percussion breaks built right into the theme. Off the beaten path for King Kolax, but straightforward for Sun Ra at this time. Harold Ousley did not want to rule out "Vivian" as a Sun Ra arrangement either: "Kolax wrote a lot himself, but he also used a lot of other people's stuff."

Sun19. Sun Ra

The Singles

Saturn 9/1954 is a 45 rpm single released in 1983. According to Michael Anderson, who was Ra's archivist in 1983, both sides of this single originated on a demo disk. The track was reissued in September 1996 on Evidence 22164, a 2-CD set titled The Singles. John Gilmore said that one of Sunny's vocal groups auditioned for a record label run by a woman (this would be Vivian Carter of Vee-Jay), but her verdict was that they sounded “too good” (a euphemism for “too White”). John told this story about the Cosmic Rays, but we know now that he often conflated them with the Nu Sounds, whose vocal style is more likely to have elicited such a reaction.

According to Alton Abraham, the Nu Sounds, led by Roland Williams, were one of the vocal groups being coached by Sun Ra. Location from Abraham and Robert Pruter; Club Evergreen was on North Clybourn Street. (On other occasions, Abraham attributed this side to a later vocal group, the Cosmic Rays; the source of the confusion is that Sunny had the Nu Sounds and the Rays record the same tunes, then picked the version he liked better to release. This policy applied not only to Ra's vocal compositions but also to some of the standards that he arranged for vocal groups.)

On October 5, 1954, a composer named Robert Douglas Mayo copyrighted “Dreams Come True.” Although Sun Ra's name is nowhere on the piece, the original sheet music is in his handwriting! Sunny would record the song with Clyde Williams and members of the Arkestra on two occasions in the fall of 1956. Shortly after this, the long hiatus ended for good, and Sun Ra began to copyright his tunes again. Research by James Wolf shows that Le Sonyr Ra (no apostrophe in the Library of Congress files) copyrighted “Bop Is a Spaceship Lullaby” on November 18, 1954, and “Chicago USA” on December 23, 1954. Both had lyrics as well as music by Ra and were obviously intended for vocal groups. These were followed on February 9, 1955 by “Baby Please Be Mine” (under the name Sun Ra).

Although John Gilmore and others recalled recordings of some of these songs, all were thought to be lost until rehearsal tapes were recovered in 2000. In fact, “Chicago USA” was written for the Nu Sounds, and rehearsal recordings of it and “Bop Is a Spaceship Lullaby” have been found. "Black Sky and Blue Moon" has turned up as well. No such luck, though, with “Baby Please Be Mine.”.

A couple of instrumental performances have also survived from this period. They had to wait for release till 1973.

Sun20. Sun Ra

Deep Purple

According to Julian Vein, these two tracks were sold to Black Lion/Freedom in 1971, along with recordings from 1962 and 1963 that later became side B of the Saturn LP The Invisible Shield but were not issued at the time. Saturn 485 (released in 1973) was an LP titled Deep Purple (on some copies, Dreams Come True). Although it had standard printed white labels with a Chicago address for the company, no covers were printed for it; the LP was issued with various generic covers, often hand decorated by members of later Arkestras. All of Side A of this LP was reissued on Evidence 22014, Sound Sun Pleasure!!, a CD from 1992. “Can This Be Love?” was reissued again in 2000 on 1201 Music 9019, a CD titled Standards.

Sun21. The Nu Sounds

Spaceship Lullaby

A rehearsal tape, from 1954 or 1955, was released on a 2003 CD, Spaceship Lullaby, Atavistic UMS/ALP243. The version of “Foggy Day” on this tape is not the same one that was released in 1983 on a Saturn single.

Sun22. Sun Ra

Spaceship Lullaby

“Holiday for Strings” and “Honeysuckle Rose” were on a rehearsal tape that Ra brought to WKCR-FM; they were broadcast during the 1987 Sun Ra Festival. In the second edition of this discography, Sun Ra's instrument was incorrectly identified as an electric piano and Robert Barry's presence on drums was noted. These and other selections from the tape were released for the first time on CD in 2003, Atavistic UMS/ALP243, Spaceship Lullaby, where the sound, though clearly emanating from an old home tape machine, is much improved over what could be heard on the broadcast.

Sun23. The Lintels

Spaceship Lullaby

This rehearsal tape, from 1954 or 1955, was released on a 2003 CD, Spaceship Lullaby, Atavistic UMS/ALP243. The Lintels were a doowop group; this was their first rehearsal with Sun Ra. It is not known whether they continued to work with him, but no releases on Saturn ensued. The tune identified here as “Baby Please Be Mine” is not Sun Ra's composition.

1955 also saw Sunny's last recorded efforts as an arranger for the Red Saunders band. Although many of Red's regulars would remain in the band until the Club DeLisa closed in February 1958, and some stayed with him beyond that, R&B was trending toward rock and roll and record companies were beginning to see Saunders' band as dated.

Sun24. Billy Brooks | Red Saunder's Band [sic]^ / Billy Brooks | Red Saunders Orch.

Chicago, February 18, 1955

ACA3109	Mambo Is Everywhere (L. L. Lawrence)^ -1	Duke 142
ACA3110	Song of the Dreamer (Eddie "Tex" Curtis)^	Duke 142
ACA3111	Donna (L. Cox-E. Curtis)	Duke 145
ACA3112	I Want Your Love Tonight (Eddie "Tex" Curtis)^ -1 [Listen to I Want Your Love Tonight]	Duke 149
HHA 21201	This Is My Prayer (Don D. Robey [sic])^ -2	Duke 149

Here we have three singles (Duke 142, 145, and 149) not listed in Lord, Bruyninckx, or Leadbitter! They are listed in Jepsen's discography; however, Jepsen mentions only Brooks and Saunders in his personnel. Duke 142, and one side from 145 and 149, appear to have come from a 4-tune session with the Red Saunders band. (The flip side of 145 is from a different session with a different band; the flip of 149 includes the Saunders band and may be from the session of February 18, 1955.)

Dan Kochakian owns a copy of Duke 142, a 78 and 45-rpm single that was released in June 1955 (date provided by Bill Daniels' dating guide). The label states Houston, Texas, but that's where the Duke/Peacock home office was. The ACA prefix indicated that the sides were mastered at ACA Studios on Fannin Street in downtown Houston. Swiss jazz researcher Kurt Mohr said that Don Robey of Duke Records often supervised sessions in Chicago. Press clippings collected by Robert Pruter show that Billy Brooks was performing at the Club DeLisa in March and April 1954 (duly advertised in the Defender on March 13 and 20 and April 3). On July 10, Brooks was working Club Evergreen with a band led by Red Holloway. Galen Gart and Roy C. Ames, in Duke/Peacock Records: An Illustrated History with Discography (Milford, NH: Big Nickel Publications, p. 78) state that Don Robey flew to Chicago in February 1955 to record Brooks. However, the incomplete chronological list of Brooks sessions (which leaves out his first one for Duke/Peacock in 1953) identifies only the session of November 1, 1955 as done in Chicago. Clearly, however, the session of February 18, 1955 is the one they were referring to on page 78.

To nail the date down further, we know (from Gart and Ames, p. 222) that "Mambo Is Everywhere" and "Song of the Dreamer" were mastered for 45 and 78rpm on March 4, 1955, and remastered on April 11, 1955. "Donna" and "I Want Your Love Tonight" were mastered on August 3, 1955.

"Mambo Is Everywhere" has Latin rhythms of the sort favored by Sun Ra. "Song of the Dreamer" is a sentimental Country & Western tune of a sort that Ra is not known to have arranged (and while there is a potentially interesting alternation between a clarinet/bass clarinet trio and the standard sax section, the transition is rather gauchely handled). Gart and Ames (p. 78) state that the record was "only a moderate hit," but that the tune was covered by Johnnie Ray on Columbia and Eddie Fisher on RCA Victor, indicating commercial potential.

A second Billy Brooks single, on Duke 145 (78 rpm), is now in the collection of Armin Büttner. It was probably released in August or September 1955. Side A, "Donna," is credited to Billy Brooks / Red Saunders Orch. "Donna" does not use the clarinets, but it is a sentimental tune related to "Song of the Dreamer" and Sunny's involvement seems unlikely. (The title, according to Gart and Ames, was originally "I Want to Be with Donna.")

Side B of Duke 145, "I'm Gone," is a fast boogie credited to Billy Brooks and his Orchestra. (The composition is credited to Don Robey, the owner of Duke/ Peacock, an attribution that should be taken with a grain of salt.) All indications are that this is a different band, with a solo by a tenor player who is much grittier than Leon Washington. The guitarist could be Ike Perkins, however. The matrix number is ACA3028, which indicates an earlier session. In fact, Gart and Ames (p. 221) show that "I'm Gone" (which was not mastered till August 17, 1955) did come from an earlier session, presumably on November 23, 1954. The other three titles from this session (ACA3029, "Be My Baby"; ACA3030, "Then I Can Live"; ACA 3031, "From Midnight till Morning") were never released. Alvin Fielder says that he was drumming on many of Duke's studio sessions in Houston at the time; he may well be on these sides.

A copy of Duke 149 is now in the collection of Armin Büttner. On the evidence of the matrix numbers, ACA3112 ("I Want Your Love Tonight") is from the same session with Red Saunders. The flip side, HHA 21201 ("This Is My Prayer"), would seem from the matrix to be from a different session (not clear which one, but Brooks recorded for Duke on October 28 and November 1, 1955, and did his final session for the label on February 26, 1957). However, both sides of Duke 149 credit the accompaniment to Red Saunder's Band [sic], and the band sounds the same on both sides. (However, there is no guitar on "This Is My Prayer," and the pianist doubles on celeste.) Leon Washington solos on "I Want Your Love," and there are 8 bars for Riley Hampton on "Prayer," while Mac Easton is prominent in the backing on both. "I Want" is a mambo that could have been arranged by Sun Ra. For now, "This Is My Prayer" is included with the February 18, 1955 session; if it came from a later session, other material including the Red Saunders band ought to materialize.

The personnel were identified by ear, assuming non-catastrophic turnover since the last Joe Williams session. Fip Ricard left the band on November 10, 1954, according to Otto Flückiger's notes, so trumpet #2 must be someone else. Mac Easton recorded with Gene Ammons for Prestige in Hackensack, New Jersey, on November 26, 1954 and February 8, 1955, but is not known to have made any other excursions out of town. (Armin Büttner believes that Mac is present on "Donna," and he would have had time to return to Chicago for this session.)

Sunny also continued his relationship with the King Kolax band, which made a second session for Vee-Jay.

Sun25. King Kolax and his Quintette

Universal Recording, Chicago, September 16, 1955

55-326	Those Crazy Rhythm 'n' Blues [CC voc] -1, 2	Top Rank RLP 110, Charly CRB 1043
55-327	H2O -1	Top Rank RLP 110
55-328	Traveling	unissued
55-329	Time [KK voc]	Top Rank RLP 110
55-330	Enchanted Moods	unissued
55-331	Four Dimensions	unissued

Session details from Lord's Jazz Discography, except that Lord omits 55-328, 330, and 331, which were filled in from Leadbitter and Slaven, Blues Records 1943 to 1970 A-K (1987). Lord (and the Charly compilers) credit Grant Jones with thelead vocal on "Those Crazy Rhythm 'n Blues" but the piece is not included in Grant "Mr. Blues" Jones: In the Dark (1949-1958) on the Austrian CD RST 1580 (1994). The Mohr-Flückiger-Demeusy files reveal that the mystery vocalist was Calvin Carter, brother of Vivian Carter! It is not clear who is responsible for impersonating a female fan who wants to hear "those crazy rhythm 'n' blues."

These tracks were intended for release on Vee-Jay but none were ever issued by that label. (Apparently the company had lost interest even in blues vocals from this source.) Top Rank RLP110 was a French LP titled Jazzville Chicago Volume 1. It was compiled by Kurt Mohr and issued in 1961. One track was also issued on Charly CRB 1043, Rootin' and Tootin', an LP collection of Chicago R&B derived from the Vee Jay label. The Charly LP incorrectly gives "Cowboy" Martin and not Malachi Favors as the bassist.

"Those Crazy Rhythm 'n' Blues" is standard jump-band R&B, and "Time" is an ordinary slow blues. No need for a written arrangement from Sun Ra... "H2O" is a straight bebop number. The other tracks have not been checked, but obviously "Enchanted Moods," and "Four Dimensions" do sound promising as far as Ra arrangements go.

Although Sunny continued to arrange for other leaders, we don't know of any specific items being recorded after the King Kolax session of September 1955. It didn't matter now, because Sunny was finally getting ready to record his own band.

We will refer to the small to medium-sized band that Sun Ra led as the Arkestra, although recent scholarship reveals that it wasn't called the "Arkistra" till late 1956, and didn't acquire its present-day spelling till February 1957. Once Sunny finally adopted it, the bllling was used on recordings well before it showed up in nightclub ads or other publicity for live performances.

Sunny didn't always work with trios; he had indulged in several short-lived experiments with larger ensembles. Meanwhile, only Robert Barry stayed with him throughout the pre-Arkestral period. Tommy Hunter had to flee to New York for a while in 1950; in 1953 he went back there and stayed. Pat Patrick was unavailable during most of 1952 and 1953 because he was attending college at Florida A&M. A key addition was tenor saxophonist John Gilmore. Born on September 28, 1931 in Summit, Mississippi, but raised in Chicago, Gilmore attended DuSable High School with its fabled band program. After getting out of the Air Force in 1953, he worked with Earl Hines and quickly became regarded as one of the up and coming young musicians in Chicago. An article in the Roosevelt Torch by Joe Segal (December 11, 1953), describes the university's Jazz Club concert of December 8, in which guest artist Charlie Parker alternated sets with “some of the top local artists,” including John Jenkins on alto sax, Harold Ousley and “Johnny” Gilmore on tenor sax, Andrew Hill, piano, and Hal Russell, drums. (Our thanks to Chris DeVito for bringing this article to our attention.) Not long after this event, Gilmore began rehearsing with The Ra. In the first half of 1954, Sun Ra had just John Gilmore and Robert Barry, augmented by Pat Patrick when he returned from college at Florida A&M.

After two weeks on the job, Sun Ra gets mentioned in an ad. From the Chicago Defender, December 25, 1954.

The first engagement that Ra took as a leader in Chicago with members of his experimental ensembles took place in 1954. Before John Gilmore became a regular, Ra had rehearsed with tenor saxophonists John Tinsey and Swing Lee O'Neil. Bassist Earl Demus was also a participant. A Chicago Defender ad from December 25, 1954--the first mention of his name in that newapaper since he'd moved to Chicago--announced a gig by Le Sony'r Ra, accompanied by O'Neil, Demus and Robert Barry (drums). The venue was Duke Slater's Vincennes Lounge.

Swing Lee O'Neil (with tenor sax) poses with club owner Duke Slater (second from left), and patrons Shirley Jacobs (far left), Ivory Solomon (between Slater and O'Neil), and Rose Early (right). The man at back center is unidentifed. From the Chicago Defender, December 25, 1954, p. 16.

The band had already been at the Lounge for two weeks. Slater had just opened for business, probably during the first week of December 1954. The band was duly advertised on December 11 and 18, but on both occasions O'Neil was identified as the leader and the other participants were not named. It wasn't until the club's third ad, on December 25, that the personnel was listed and Ra got top billing. But in the same issue, it was O'Neil who appeared in the genre photo of featured musician hamming it up with club owner and female patrons. By the end of 1955, Sunny no longer had trouble being identified as the leader of his own ensembles, but throughout his stay in Chicago, he was rarely the focus of publicity in the Defender.

Sun Ra's quartet finishes at the Vincennes Lounge. Chicago Defender, January 15, 1955, p. 13.

Ra's quartet was at the Vincennes Lounge for 6 weeks. On January 22, 1955, a quartet led by Red Simms took over; Simms kept Demus on as bassist. For the rest of the year, Simms' quartet and a quartet led by Lefty Bates alternated at the Lounge. Sunny is unlikely to have viewed this as a setback; Slater's establishment was not suited to the larger ensembles that he had in mind. But he had to go back to putting in long hours in the strip joints of Calumet City; judging from Robert Barry's reminiscences, he still needed the income well into 1955. Meanwhile, after Pat Patrick's return, the Arkestra picked up Dave Young on trumpet, then Julian Priester on trombone, then Richard Evans on bass, then Jim Herndon joined on tympani and timbales. Not all of the additions were permanent: for a little while Sunny was rehearsing an octet with an alto saxophonist named Sonny Rollins.

A side note on Sonny Rollins' two sojourns in Chicago seems apropos here. Little is known about either of them, because Rollins wasn't playing in public. His first stay, from somewhere in the fall of 1949 to January 1950, involved rehearsing with drummer Ike Day. The second stay began in May 1955, when Rollins got out of the Federal drug treatment facility in Lexington, Kentucky, and ended in November, when he was asked to replace Harold Land in the Clifford Brown-Max Roach quintet. Rollins took menial jobs, such as janitorial work, to support himself. He rehearsed with other musicians--for instance, he and Booker Little worked on "There's No Business like Show Business"--and attended some performances at clubs, but took no gigs. (Eric Nisenson's biography Open Sky provides the chronology, plus Rollins quotes about day jobs and rehearsing with Booker Little. It doesn't mention the rehearsals with Sunny, which probably didn't go on for long.)

The Grand Terrace in the late 1950s. From the Charles Walton collection, Chicago Public Library.

1955 also saw Sunny's return to the Local 208 contract list, for the first time in nearly 9 years. On July 7, he filed a 5 week contract with a club called Shep's Playhouse, replacing Eldee Young's group. According to John Szwed's biography, Alton Abraham helped him obtain the gig. Paying no mind to legalities,the Union local identified him as Herman Blount--probably the name that was on the contract. We don't know how large a group the engagement called for. Located at 4233 Lake Park Avenue, Shep's Playhouse was in operation for about a year, from May 1955 to somewhere in the middle of 1956. Shortly after it opened, the club hosted a Wednesday night talent show operated by DJ McKie Fitzhugh, but he soon moved on to other venues. One of the leaders to post a contract with the establishment later on was Sunny's former bassist Earl Demus, after the Red Simms combo broke up. More we cannot say, because the Playhouse bought no ads in the Defender.

From the Chicago Defender, October 1, 1955, p. 28. The Grand Terrace management seems to have been unaware that Sun Ra and Sonne Blount were the same performer. And who encouraged Rudy Crier to respell his name?

At the beginning of October, again with Abraham's help, Sunny was booked at the Grand Terrace, a venerable ballroom whose management was going through a spell of trying to revive it as a musical venue. The ballroom had reopened to much fanfare in May 1955; a show featuring King Kolax's band had run out of steam in July; a second revue featuring Memphis Slim's combo had a shorter run in August. Sunny appeared as part of an elaborate show called "Autumn Follies" organized by Rudy Crier; top billing went to blues and soul singer Harold Burrage. The Defender ads made special mention of his Wurlitzer "electronic" piano. This would have been a significant novelty for clubgoers in those days; Sunny had spotted one in a music store not long after it first became commercially available.

From the Chicago Defender, October 22, 1955, p. 28, before shrinkage set in.

The show apparently started off with some promise commercially, but by the end of October, the ads in the Defender were rapidly shrinking--in proportion, we suspect, to the ballroom's revenues. The last advertisement ran on November 5. The Defender's entertainment roundup mentioned the show one more time, on December 3, by which time the Terrace was ready to enter another period of inactivity. (It would attempt new shows on three different occasions during 1956. The ballroom's last gasp would be a run from August through October 1957.)

The Grand Terrace job probably didn't call for the entire ensemble, but by the time it started, Sunny had assembled a stable octet of Dave Young (tp); Julian Priester (tb); John Gilmore (ts); Pat Patrick (as, bars); Richard Evans (b); Robert Barry (d); and Jim Herndon (tymp, timb). The best-known photo of the early Arkestra shows this octet lineup doing a one-nighter at the Parkway Ballroom. Another photo from the same period (from the collection of Charles Walton) shows the same group playing the Parkway, with the addition of the Lester Young disciple Johnny Thompson (ts), who, it might be worth adding, had previously worked with such leaders as King Kolax. But Thompson, who appeared on a handful of recording sessions during his career, is not known to have recorded anything with Sun Ra, and John Gilmore did not recall him remaining in the band for long. Tenor battles would not become part of the Arkestra's presentation.

Ra was yet to copyright a single instrumental composition, but there was starting to be movement on the Arkestral front: Julian Priester copyrighted his pieces “Urnack,” “Soft Talk,” and “Ra's Star” on October 10, 1955; all three were part of the early Arkestra's repertoire, and two were among the first to be recorded. On the very same date, Richard Evans copyrighted “Lullaby of Forrealville,” a piece that would turn up on the July 1956 session for Transition.

The primary venue for the full Arkestra during this formative period was the Parkway Ballroom. Because the Parkway, like other ballrooms and halls that specialized in one-nighters, made their own special deals with Local 208, which were renewed once a year, there was no need for the bandleaders to file individual contracts for their appaearances there. So we don't know how many often the Arkestra played there.

From left, Sun Ra, Richard Evans, Robert Barry, John Gilmore, and Pat Patrick. Unidentified club, late 1955 or early 1956.

According to Julian Priester, Sunny and the Arkestra were taken in by a promoter who claimed to be able to book a major show for them in Chicago, followed by a European tour. After much Arkestral rehearsing with singers and dancers, the initial event fell through and the band was left without work during the Christmas season. But the setback proved temporary.

The first advertisement for Sunny and the band at Birdland, as it was then called. From the Chicago Defender, January 7, 1956, p. 29.

The Arkestra's gigs become easier to track once it got its first break--steady work at Cadillac Bob's Birdland. Birdland was a locale with considerable meaning for Sun Ra, for until Cadillac Bob took it over and pumped some new life into it, the basement club had been known as the Beige Room. Cadillac Bob, whose real name was Robert Cherry, had previously operated a club called the Toast of the Town; he had also managed the Flame Lounge and Basin Street for a time in 1953-1954. Birdland opened on December 8, 1955 (Local 208 Board meeting minutes, December 15, 1955, p. 3); since Cadillac Bob still owed money to Ivory Joe Hunter for an engagement at the Toast of the Town, this put him in a sticky situation with the Union local that he had to move quickly to resolve. The first band to play the new club was Arnett Cobb's. From December 21, 1955 through January 1, 1956, the Miles Davis Quintet headlined there (contract posted with Local 208 on December 15). The Arkestra's first contract with Birdland, for two weeks with option, was accepted and filed by Local 208 on January 5, 1956, in the name of Sonny Blount. On January 19, he posted a new contract as "La Sonya Ra." On February 2, he filed a contract for two weeks with options and a second, indefinite contract with "the Birdland," both as Sonny Blount. At least Local 208 knew how to spell his old name.

From the Defender, January 14, 1956, p. 12. Note the reference to the breakfast dance every Monday.

Now that they had regular work at Cadillac Bob's establishment, Sunny's band was finally ready to record on something besides his home tape machine. His working methods were already set. Constant rehearsals had been part of his musical life in Birmingham. In Chicago, they were just like going to work -- five days a week, eight hours a day. Everyone remembers the rehearsals, especially Art Hoyle, who had to drive all the way from Gary, Indiana. Like Ellington, Ra would write pieces as he sat at the piano, handing out individual parts to each band member. On the gig, there was no fixed program; Sunny would signal the next piece in his piano introduction -- and to the musicians' frustration he would often change it around from the way they'd done it in rehearsal.

When the band opened at Cadillac Bob's basement club, Wilburn Green was playing what Sunny quaintly called the "electronic bass" and Gilmore's old Air Force buddy Art Hoyle had become the Arkestra's main trumpeter. We are able to hear their efforts because Alton Abraham, his brother Artis, and Sun Ra had put together a new company called Saturn Records, and found some capital, and the new label booked time at RCA Studios. But the Arkestra started its recording career with another brand-new Chicago-based independent--the Heartbeat label, run by record store owner Seymour Schwartz. Schwartz wanted to record a singer named Billie Hawkins doing two of his own compositions, and hired the Arkestra to accompany.

Sun Ra at his Wurlitzer electric piano, Budland, 1956 or 1957. From The Cry of Jazz.

Sun26. Billie Hawkins accompanied by Sun-Ra and His Orchestra

Our thanks to Freddie Patterson for locating the earliest known release by the Arkestra, though Sun Ra wasn't using that spelling in his publicity yet, and Heartbeat, which put out this 7 inch 45 rpm single in 1956, wasn't doing it either. The quality studio recording and matrix numbers are from RCA's Chicago operation; the matrix numbers are just a little earlier than those found on the first Arkestra single on Ra's Saturn label. Two trumpets are present, and Green is on electric bass, so this is the Arkestra after Christmas 1955.

The original labels identify Billie Hawkins as the artist and mention Sun-Ra and His Orchestra in small print underneath. All personnel were identified by rlc. In a 2003 interview, Seymour Schwartz recalled that Billie Hawkins was a sexually ambiguous male singer; Schwartz also said he wrote the tunes for the session (the “Tom Seymour” presumably refers to him, and his daughter's name is Sunny).

It is known that Sun Ra wrote arrangements for B. B. King and for Johnny “Guitar” Watson. Watson was on the same bill with the Arkestra at Birdland starting on February 22, 1956; he filed a two-week contract with "Chicago Birdland" on February 16. King was at the club from December 12 through 16 (five-day contract filed on December 6, 1956). As with all such work, which he regarded as routine, Sunny never gave details in interviews.

Among the other performers who shared the bill with the Arkestra were "Mambo King" Juan Soler (second week of January), the doowop group The Five Echoes (January), guitar-playing bluesman Lowell Fulson (late January and early February), singer Della Reese (late January), singer Dakota Staton (February), bassist Duke Groner and his combo (one-week contract with Chicago Birdland filed on March 1, followed by another week in December), singer Dinah Washington (a week at the end of June, followed by another 3 weeks in late July and early August, and another two weeks starting on Christmas eve), singer Jerri Winters (early July), blues shouter Jimmy Witherspoon (July), Eddie Boyd's trio (indefinite contracts filed on September 20 and October 4), Little Miss Cornshucks (late October and early November), Al Hibbler (late November), Ruth Brown (early December), Earl Swann (five-day contract posted on December 6), and Richard Whatley (a drummer and bandleader who often went as Don Costello; his indefinite contract with Budland posted on the same date).

The first Arkestra we can hear for ourselves was a mutant hard-bop band. Bop wasn't Sunny's music exactly, but it was what the young musicians in the Arkestra understood. And there wasn't anything conservative about such music in 1956. It was modal hard-bop, polytonal hard-bop, polyrhythmic hard-bop. Sunny wrote a new tune in honor of his "home planet"; it became the band's theme song. It convinced John Gilmore that Sunny's music offered endless possibilities, that it was "more stretched out than Monk."

The very first studio recording of the piece was briefly available on a Saturn single in the second half of 1956. Although Alton Abraham recalled the release and supplied a master tape for reissue in 1996, he no longer had a copy of the actual single in his possession. One finally showed up on the collectors' market a decade later.

Sun27. Le Sun-Ra and his Arkistra

Angels and Demons at Play/
The Singles
The Cry of Jazz (film)

Saturn Z222 was a 45 rpm single with black print on gold and the Saturn logo in block letters across the top (information courtesy of Glenn Jones; see the cover of the first edition of this discography). It was issued in the second half of 1956. “Arkistra” was Sunny's original respelling of “Orchestra.” Sun Ra maintained that there was an “equation of sound-similarity” between “kest” and “kist” but by some point in 1957 he had settled on “Arkestra.”

According to Alton Abraham, “Saturn” was released on one of the first Saturn singles. A 1961 Saturn press release listed “A Call for All Demons” and “Demon's Lullaby” as appearing on singles. Art Hoyle recalled these two were as coupled on a Saturn single in 1956, and Julian Priester also reported that “Call” appeared on asingle. In 2006, Saturn G7OW5257/G7OW5259 (no numbers on it except matrix numbers) showed up for sale on ebay. It turned out to be a coupling of the first version of “Saturn” (Side A) with “Call for All Demons” (Side B). We believe that this was the very first Saturn record to see release.

A draft of a release announcement for Saturn LPs (none of which materialized under those titles) is now published in Pathways to Unknown Worlds (p. 120), It identifies the first three Saturn singles, giving the actual pairings. It does not mention “Demon's Lullaby.”

“Supersonic Jazz” was found during master tape research. It is similar to “Super Blonde”: both are blues with the same opening riff and virtually identical solo lineups; however, in “Supersonic Jazz” the central, highly dissonant ensemble passage is replaced with a tympani break by Jim Herndon. We suspect that “Supersonic Jazz” and “Demon's Lullaby” were paired on another Saturn single still to be rediscovered. We are inclined to doubt that the very first release of "Lullaby" was in the 1959 film The Cry of Jazz, where it was edited down to 1 minute.

“Saturn” and “Supersonic Jazz” were reissued for the first time in September 1996 on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [a 2-CD set]. “Saturn” is also on Sun Ra Came Down to the Earth, a Japanese CD sampler, derived from Evidence releases, which appeared in 1997 on Paddle Wheel KICJ 315, and Greatest Hits: Easy Listening for Intergalactic Travel, released as Evidence 22219 in September 2000.

Four tracks from this session reappeared in 1965 on side B of Saturn SR 9956-2-O/P, Angels and Demons at Play. (“Call for All Demons” was titled “A Call for All Demons” on this and subsequent releases.) In 1967 the LP was given the catalog number 407. The album is distinctive among early Saturns in its complete lack of liner notes--there was no room for any, because the same design was used on the front and back covers. The cover design is one of three originally done as cutouts in black on a white background. While the Angels and Demons cutout was actually used (in a striking black on gold rendition), the other two, initially intended for the early New York albums When Sun Comes Outand When Angels Speak of Love, were displayed in a 1966 Saturn catalogue but replaced with different covers when the LPs were released. (See Pathways to Unknown Worlds, pp. 63, 64, and 66.) The artist is not identified, but John Corbett has suggested that it was Sun Ra himself.

All titles from Angels and Demons at Play were reissued on Impulse AS 9245 in 1974 and on Evidence 22066 [CD] in 1993. This version of “Medicine for a Nightmare” was further reissued in 1997 on a Japanese Sun Ra CD sampler, Sun Ra Came Down to the Earth on Paddle Wheel KICJ 315, and on Evidence 22219, Greatest Hits: Easy Listening for Intergalactic Travel, in September 2000.

Three of the sides from this session also appeared, in excerpts, on the soundtrack of The Cry of Jazz, a 34-minute film produced and directed by Edward O. Bland and originally scheduled for release in October 1958. (The film credits, however, show a 1959 copyright date.) It was recently reissued on DVD as Atavistic UMS DJ-865. The credits to the film claim that all of the music included therein was "recorded in Europe"... presumably to throw Local 208 off the scent. The only released record mentioned is the first Saturn LP, Super-Sonic Jazz (see below)--but only two of the five Saturn tracks used in the film came from it.

Regrettably, none of the audio for the Arkestra is live. In a 2005 interview, Ed Bland acknowledged that Sun Ra and Alton Abraham made Saturn studio recordings available for the film, free of charge. All the same, The Cry of Jazz contains the only known film footage of the band from the Chicago period: scenes of the Arkestra filmed at 5 or 6 club gigs between 1956 and 1958 (according to Ed Bland, when interviewed by Ralph Pleshar). We have identified the musicians from the film (where visible; Julian Priester does not recall being filmed, but can be seen momentarily while his composition "Urnack" is heard on the soundtrack).

At 13:16 into the film, "Demon's Lullaby" begins. It is edited down to the ensemble head, a brief trumpet solo by Art Hoyle, a repetition of the ensemble, and part of the tenor solo by John Gilmore, quickly faded; the edited piece ends at 14:16. No musicians are visible; the number accompanies a scene of pool players in a pool hall.

"Urnack" comes in at 19:39. The film shows a 8-man Arkestra on stage, probably at Budland in 1956. The lineup appears to be Jim Herndon (tympani), Robert Barry (drums), possibly Victor Sproles (bass), Art Hoyle (trumpet), John Gilmore (tenor sax), Julian Priester (trombone), Pat Patrick (alto and baritone sax), and Sun Ra (piano). Some footage of a later Arkestra (playing probably at Budland in 1957) with BeBop Sam Thomas on guitar and a different front line that includes Marshall Allen on alto sax is edited into the segment. About a minute into the piece, John Gilmore begins his tenor sax solo, which ends with an edit at 20:42.

"A Call for All Demons" picks up at 23:00 in The Cry of Jazz. Jim Herndon is fully visible for a moment during the intro. On the soundtrack, Ra's piano intro is followed by the ensemble theme. However, the band that gets the most exposure during this segment of the film is an ensemble that probably played Budland in 1957. BeBop Sam Thomas is briefly seen on guitar, as is a string bass player (possibly Victor Sproles). In the film the front line includes a trumpet player, John Gilmore, tenor sax, Marshall Allen, alto sax, and an unidentified baritonist (Charles Davis can be glimpsed in the film, but not in this particular scene). The piece is ends with an edit at 24:00.

The February 1956 version of the Arkestra has a highly distinctive ensemble sound; its personnel is easily identified by ear. The Impulse release of Angels and Demons at Play incorrectly listed Victor Sproles on bass; he did not join the band till the fall of 1956. Wilburn Green's electric bass is prominent on all of the tracks; his absence from The Cry of Jazz is a dead giveaway that the audio for the scenes of the 1956 Arkestra in the movie was not recorded live. Art Hoyle was in the Arkestra from Christmas 1955 till somewhere near the end of 1956.

Our approximate dating of this session takes note of the fact that Sun Ra (still using the name Herman Blount as well as Le Sony'r Ra) suddenly began copyrighting instrumental compositions with “Satana and Saturn” on February 1, 1956. “Satana: Verse” was never recorded; “Saturn: Interlude” and “Saturn: Chorus” are the piece that has become familiar to us. Apparently, the interlude was composed later; John Corbett says that a 1955 rehearsal tape has come to light that includes only the chorus. On February 6, 1956, Sunny copyrighted “Super-Blonde” and “Call for All Demons.” “Snomed Yballul (English pronunciation: Demon's Lullaby)” didn't get copyrighted till April 24, but sounds as though it came from this session. Sunny also copyrighted “East of Uz” on February 1, “Velvet” on February 6, and “Beta-Beta” on February 13. “Velvet” was subsequently recorded by the Arkestra on multiple occasions; the other two were not, so far as we know, though “East of Uz” got a belated premiere in 1976, when Pat Patrick's Baritone Retinue included it on the only Saturn LP under Patrick's own name.

Sunny's octet continues to play a temporarily nameless club. From the Chicago Defender, February 18, 1956, p. 14.

Soon Birdland, in trouble with its namesake in New York, was on the lookout for a new handle. Morris Levy, the proprietor of the original Birdland, had a concert featuring some of his headliners coming up at the Opera House in mid-February. On finding out that the Chicago also had a Birdland, he promptly filed suit (as announced in the Defender for February 11). On February 18 and 25, the club was being advertised as "Chicago's ? Show Lounge"; on March 3, an ad annnouncing a reengagement for the Miles Davis Quintet referred to it as the "Birdband Show Lounge"--an experiment not to be repeated, as the club would revert to namelessness for a while.

From the Chicago Defender, February 25, 1956, p. 14. The Miles Davis engagement was canceled.

The Miles Davis gig, promised for March 7 through 18, fell through. No contract for it was filed with Local 208; according to Chris DeVito, Miles had left his sidemen stranded in Los Angeles at the conclusion of an engagement there in late February, returning to New York alone and doing some recording there on March 16. Consequently the Arkestra, though not mentioned in the March 3 ad, seems to have split the month with a combo led by Al Smith. Duke Groner's combo was brought in for a week to help out. (Our thanks to Chris DeVito for information about Miles Davis's engagements during the period.)

As much of Pat Patrick the baritone saxophone soloist as Ed Bland chose to show. From a scene of the 1956 Arkestra in The Cry of Jazz.

Al Smith's band (which we know was at least 7 pieces, because Smith had to answer to the Board of Musicians Union Local 208 about not charging the higher leader's fee for a larger group) took over on March 19 and remained in residency through the first week of May. (We don't know whether Smith's band also played the Monday morning breakfast dance, or the Arkestra continued in this role). Sunny always said that he suggested the name "Budland" to Cadillac Bob. There is no reason to doubt this, but the first advertisement to give the club its new name, which appeared on March 31, cited Al Smith as the house bandleader instead of Sunny. The next session for Saturn took place during this hiatus from Budland.

Sun28. Le Sun Ra and his Arkestra^ / Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra*

Super-Sonic Jazz /
We Travel the Spaceways

“Chicago in Springtime (Springtime in Chicago)” was copyrighted on May 21, 1956. The later copyright date and the presence of James Scales (who was not in the “8 Rays of Jazz” from January through mid-March) indicate that this tune was not recorded in the initial Saturn session around February 1956.

There is a Musicians Union recording contract, once in Alton Abraham's files, for a 3 hour session at Balkan Studios (a lower-cost establishment occasionally used by other independent labels in Chicago; for instance, United cut a gospel session there in 1952). According to the contract, which was on display at the Hyde Park Art Center in late 2006 and early 2007, the session took place on April 13, 1956. We had previously estimated April-May 1956 as the approximate time frame for “Springtime in Chicago,” so the date fits.

“Springtime in Chicago” first appeared in March 1957 on the first Saturn LP, Super-Sonic Jazz. The serial number of this LP was originally H7OP0216; the cover, by Claude Dangerfield, featured a piano keyboard with flames and lightning bolts. The serial number was subsequently changed to SR-LP 0216; in the early 1960s, the cover art was changed to another Claude Dangerfield illustration featuring solar and musical symbols. In 1967, the LP was given the catalog number 204, and starting in 1968, this number actually appeared on the labels. All tracks from this LP were reissued in 1974 on Impulse AS-9271, under the title Super Sonic Sounds. All tracks were reissued on Evidence 22015 [CD] in 1992 under the original title.

Saturn HK 5445, released in 1967, was an LP entitled We Travel the Spaceways. It was given the catalog number 409. The album used a Claude Dangerfield cover of waves and musical symbols that dated back to the late 1950s. The album may also have circulated under the serial number ESR 5445. All items from this album were reissued in 1992 on Evidence 22038 [CD]. It has sometimes been claimed that this version of “New Horizons” is an alternate take from the July 12, 1956 Transition session at Universal Studios, but its absence from the outtake pressing from that session and the less-than-perfect recording balance indicate a different origin. (Gilmore's bells are too close to the microphone on both released sides from this session.) We also note the earlier copyright date (“New Horizons” was copyrighted on April 24, 1956, while most of the material from the Jazz by Sun Ra session was copyrighted in a batch on July 17).

The unissued titles were mentioned in the documentation for a tape made at Balkan Studios; Green and Scales' names were on the tape box.

Sun29. Sun Ra and his Astro Infinity Arkestra

The Singles

This piece was issued around 1968 on Saturn 874, a 45 rpm single; Ihnfinity (which was incorporated in 1967) is credited on the label, and the title was misspelled “Adventur.” The abrupt editing suggests a Sun Ra solo excerpted from a longer performance; sonics are a little rugged for astudio recording. Lucious Randolph has confirmed that Ra sometimes played like this in Chicago and believes the tympanist is Jim Herndon. The drummer sounds like Robert Barry in his work with Herndon. Alton Abraham confirmed Herndon's presence. The side was reissued in September 1996 on Evidence 22164, a 2-CD set titled The Singles.

James Wolf has discovered that the piece was copyrighted on April 25, 1956! While the precise circumstances of the recording remain mysterious, we wonder whether this item was originally titled “Journey in Discland,” (or excerpted therefrom) which would put it on the session of April 13, 1956.

A tape box of unreleased Saturn material apparently contained an early recording of Sun Ra's composition “State Street.” The date on the box was May 7, 1956. No other details are known.

The band continued to pick up occasional gigs away from Budland. On May 14, the Defender advertised a one-nighter at Roberts Show Lounge by "Le Sun Ra and his Band"--the ad was typical in its absence of fancy nomenclature. The outing must have drawn enough of a crowd to satisfy Herman Roberts, because on May 29, the daily Defender announced that

On that same day, the Arkestra was being featured at the Roosevelt University Jazz Club's final concert of the spring semester. According to Joe Segal's column in the Roosevelt Torch (May 28, 1956, p. 4):

Our thanks to Chris DeVito for this reference. This was no bush-league series: the preceding event had featured the Modern Jazz Quartet and Dexter Gordon. Alternating sets with the Arkestra were ad hoc groups of local musicians billed as the “Jazz Club All-Stars,” who included Paul Serrano (tp), Ira Sullivan (tp, ts), Johnny Griffin (ts), Eddie Harris (ts), Clifford Jordan (ts), Frank Strozier (as), Billy Wallace (p), Eddie Baker (p), LeRoy Jackson (b), Victor Sproles (b), Billy Gaeto (d), Walter Perkins (d), and Wilbur Campbell (d). Eddie Harris had rehearsed with Ra before; Victor Sproles would become a regular member of the Arkestra.

Sunny and members of his band also participated from time to time in jam sessions at the Pershing Ballroom. One tape that has survived appears to come from June 1956.

Sun 29a. Jam Session

This 11 1/2 minute jam on "Just You, Just Me" was found among Sun Ra's tapes by Michael Anderson.

A recording session on June 16, 1956 is documented in the Alton Abraham papers. It took place at RCA Studios. We will assume that “Super Blonde,” as issued on a Saturn single and later on an LP, is a remake of the track now called “Supersonic Jazz.” We are also assuming that the G7OW matrix numbers belong to the February session.

Sun30. Le Sun-Ra and his Arkistra / Le Sun Ra and his Arkestra^

Super-Sonic Jazz

Saturn Z1111, a 45 rpm single with a yellow label, has been referred to as the Arkestra's first release. That we doubt, but from the “Arkistra” spelling we may conclude that it was released in 1956. The late Otto Flückiger owned a copy and supplied the matrix numbers. Photos of the label are displayed in Geerken and Hefele's book; personnel are listed right on it.

The original front cover of the first Saturn LP. From the collection of Lenni Bukowski.

Both sides of Saturn Z1111 reappeared in March 1957 on the first Saturn LP, Super-Sonic Jazz. The serial number of this LP was originally H7OP0216 (thanks to Alden Kimbrough for this information; the matrix numbers for the two sides were H7OP-0216 and H7OP-0217). The first pressing of this LP carried a jacket with an illustration by Claude Dangerfield of a keyboard with flames and lightning bolts ad hands playing a conga drum--all printed in red on white. (On extant copies, the white covers have yellowed with age.) A later version of the cover displayed the same art in black on pink-purple.

The original back cover to a copy of Super-Sonic Jazz that once belonged to Artis Abraham. From the collection of Lenni Bukowski.

By 1959, when the LP was mentioned in the credits to The Cry of Jazz, the serial number had been changed to SR-LP 0216; in 1967, the LP was given the catalog number 204. Later pressings on El Saturn show this number on the labels. All tracks from the LP were reissued in 1974 on Impulse AS-9271, under the title Super Sonic Sounds. “Super Blonde” was retitled “Super Bronze” on the Impulse release only. All tracks were reissued on Evidence 22015 [CD] in 1992 under the original title.

"Super Blonde" was also used on the soundtrack of The Cry of Jazz, a short film that would not be completed until the summer of 1958. At 20:42 into the film, "Super Blonde" starts with the piano intro by Sun Ra. Visually, most of this segment presents an octet at Budland in 1956 with a four-man front line with John Gilmore, tenor sax, probably Art Hoyle, trumpet, Julian Priester, trombone, and Pat Patrick, baritone sax. Both drums and tympani are visible, as is a string bass player. As heard in the film, the number includes a brief trumpet solo by Art Hoyle, followed by the dissonant central ensemble, and a Pat Patrick baritone sax solo that cuts off abruptly at 21:50.

The previously unreleased alternate of “Medicine for a Nightmare” was discovered in 1993 during research on the Saturn singles; it was issued for the first time in September 1996, on the Saturn singles collection from Evidence (The Singles, Evidence 22164 [2 CDs]). On the alternate take, Ra plays piano throughout. Herndon was usually credited on Saturn jackets with playing “timbali”; according to Allan Chase, these were timbales tuned lower than usual.

Copyrights provide no clue to the precise recording date, because Sunny apparently neglected to copyright “Medicine for a Nightmare.” and waited till after the LP had been released to register his electric piano solo “Advice to Medics.” "Advice" was copyrighted on April 8, 1957, as Part III of "Prevues of Tomorrow (A Suite of Translated Thought)." In the first and second editions of the discography, we placed this number on the October 1956 session (see below). But it was not listed on the original tape box from that session.

A late 1960s re-pressing of Super Sonic Jazz, Side A. From the collection of Chris Trent.

Because Sunny's most recent contract with Birdland/Budland, posted back on February 2, 1956, was of indefinite duration, we are not entirely sure how often the band's run was interrupted after his 6 week absence from mid-March to early May. The club didn't purchase any ads in the Defender for several weeks after Billie Holiday and Al Smith left (the last ad mentioning them appeared on May 5).

Dinah Washington opens at Budland, Chicago Defender, June 23, 1956. p. 14

However, Art Hoyle (interviewed in Pathways to Unknown Worlds, p. 87) recalled playing Budland opposite Dinah Washington the night that Clifford Brown died (June 26). Budland did purchase an ad announcing the great singer's opening night at the club, but no mention was made of the Arkestra on the occasion. The "7 Rays of Jazz" would reappear (in fine print) in the Budland ads for July 7 and 14. Most later Budland ads mentioned only the headliners (usually visiting singers) and, to what we are sure was Sun Ra's great annoyance, failed to identify the house band.

Nearly lost in the fine print, the 7 Rays of Jazz back Jimmy Witherspoon and Dinah Washington. From the Chicago Defender, July 14, 1956, p. 14.

Hoyle also recalled a quintet drawn from the Arkestra (himself, John Gilmore, Ra, Victor Sproles, and William Cochran) working opposite the Compass Players in a venue on the North Side. According to John Szwed's book, Space Is the Place (pp. 148-149), the Players were appearing at the Argo Off-Beat Room on North Broadway when Sunny's quintet was brought in to replace pianist Bill Mathieu. The quintet alternated 30 to 40-minute sets with the improvisational actors. Szwed places the beginning of the quintet gig in May 1956.

Preserved among Alton Abraham's papers (see Pathways to Unknown Worlds, p. 117), the first issue of a mimeographed newsletter called the Jazz Informer announced a Sun Ra concert on June 24, 1956. The Informer was published by a social club called the Rounders. Art Hoyle recalled that "we played for dancing for a group called the Rounders, whose motto was 'no squares allowed.' They were made up of bread truck drivers, potato chip truck drivers, milkmen, postmen, firefighters, regular guys from the community. They loved jazz" (p. 87). According to Szwed, the Rounders' events took place at Roberts Show Lounge, which advertised its availablity for private parties and club events.

In July, Sun Ra got an opportunity to record an entire LP for the adventurous Transition label (which, a couple of months later, would be responsible for Cecil Taylor's first session as a leader). This began a relationship with producer Tom Wilson that lasted well into the Arkestra's New York period. It may have also led to Sunny becoming acquainted with composer, arranger, and producer Ed Bland, who knew Wilson. For the session, Sunny was given the go-ahead to add Dave Young's second trumpet, James Scales' alto sax, and Richard Evans' string bass to his working octet.

Sun31. Sun Ra and his Arkestra

Jazz by Sun Ra Vol. 1

Transition TRLP J-10, Jazz by Sun Ra Vol. 1, was issued in 1957. Personnel details and session date are from the booklet included with this LP (and reprinted in the Delmark CD issue). Sun Ra's notes quote statements by Art Tatum and Duke Ellington from the January 9, 1957 issue of Downbeat, so a release date early in the year is indicated.

The Transition LP, with original title, was reissued in the early 1970s in Japan as Transition PA 7006. Under the title Sun Song, all tracks from TRLP J-10 appeared on Delmark DL-411 and DS-411 (1967), Sonet SLP23 (Sweden), and Delmark DD-411 [CD, 1991]. David Martinelli and Marco Melaragni point out that there was a bootleg LP, derived from Delmark, titled Sun Song volume 2 and released around 1971 by the notorious BYG subsidiary Goody (GY 30002). On that exceedingly bogus release, the band was anachronistically identified as Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra.

“Swing a Little Taste” initially appeared later in 1957 on an LP sampler (including tracks by Donald Byrd, Jay Migliori and others) titled Jazz in Transition. This was reissued in the late 70s in Japan as Transition GXF3126. “Swing a Little Taste” was also included as a bonus track on Delmark DD-411 (though there it is incorrectly credited to Sun Ra). “Street Named Hell” take 2 was also reissued on Smithsonian RD108, Big Band Renaissance, as part of a 5-CD various-artists collection.

Most of the new compositions on the album were copyrighted in a batch on July 17, 1956. Julian Priester copyrighted "Let's Swing a Little Taste," while Le Sun Ra registered "Fall off the Log," "Brainville Uranus," "Future," and "Transition." The last was a suite consisting of "The Street" (i.e., "Street Named Hell"), "The Action" ("Transition" proper), and "Delight." A detailed transcription of “Sun Song” was copyrighted on August 27 as “Spur of the Moment.”

Three new compositions, plus some false starts, take announcements, and conversations with the band come from a 12” Transition test pressing that was discovered by Pete Gianakopoulos in January 1997. They have never been issued in any form. Side A consists of 9 tracks from this session, some fragmentary, interspersed with Ra's announcements (total time is 17 minutes). Side B is outtakes from 2 sessions for the label by other artists. Thanks to Gianakopoulos for information on this unique document, and an opportunity to hear a dub. James Wolf has identified one of the unfamiliar compositions as “Delight.” (After digital noise reduction by Chris Trent, Sun Ra and band members could be heard announcing “Delight” on the test pressing.) The other two new pieces on the test pressing were never copyrighted by Sun Ra. We still do not know the titles of the hard-bop number. The ballad with a prominent tenor lead by John Gilmore has now been identified by Michael Anderson as "Delilah"; it would reappear on the “Majestic Hall” recording of 1960, with a baritone sax lead by Ronald Wilson. On release in 2002, it was given the placeholder title of “Majestic” 1.

According to Allan Chase, Eutrace U. “Prince” Shell arranged “Possession” for the Arkestra; Ra's only change was to add an alto saxophone part for James Scales to play on this session. Shell did two other arrangements for the Arkestra: one of Tadd Dameron's “Lady Bird” (not recorded, at least not in its original form-Sun Ra would record a version of “Lady Bird” for release in the 1970s), and a composition of his own dedicated to Gene Ammons and called “Memoirs of a Jug.”

The Arkestra around August 1956, at Budland. In the back, starting on the left: Jim Herndon, tympani; Robert Barry, drums; probably Victor Sproles, bass. In the front, Pat Patrick, baritone sax; Julian Priester, trombone; John Gilmore, tenor sax; Art Hoyle, trumpet; Sun Ra, piano. From The Cry of Jazz.

The Arkestra recorded often enough in 1956 that we can hear a sharp difference in character between the January through July 1956 edition and the one that recorded in the fall. The difference is notieeable even though the band was holding down a steady gig throughout. Several key personnel changes took place. Robert Barry was replaced by William “Bugs” Cochran on drums. Wilburn Green on electric bass gave way to Victor Sproles on string bass (precise dates are not known, but Sproles, who had been in the house trio at the Beehive, and Bugs Cochran were on board by October). Julian Priester left in September to go on tour with Lionel Hampton; for the Budland gig, Sunny went to a front line of one trumpet and three saxes, and the Arkestra would operate without a regular trombonist for quite some time thereafter. James Scales had stopped working with the Arkestra, but with the arrival of baritone saxophonist Charles Davis, Pat Patrick spent more time playing alto sax, including occasional solos.

After Dinah Washington's June-July appearances at Budland, the house band role was taken over for a while by King Kolax. King K's quintet was in residence from mid-July (contract posted with Local 208 on July 19) through early September (last mentioned in an ad on September 8). After that, the Arkestra seems to have returned to the club, but through the last week of October, Cadillac Bob quit paying for ads in the Defender. Budland could even have been shuttered for a week or two.

The Arkestra is relegated to "other acts." From the Chicago Defender, October 27, 1956, p. 36

When the ads resumed in late October, the marketing strategy was centered on the headliners, no credit whatsoever going to the house band. So despite apparently holding down that responsibility through the end of 1956, except for a week or two when Duke Groner's combo stepped in, the Arkestra got no publicity at all. The Budland ads from October 27 and November 3, 1956 sum the situation up perfectly. As a marketing strategy, not bothering to name the house band was less than brilliant. The establishments that Cadillac Bob was hoping to compete with in 1956 were the Club DeLisa and Roberts Show Lounge. But the DeLisa never failed to credit Red Saunders in its ads, while Roberts, which rotated house bands, always mentioned the ensembles of Duke Groner, Porter Kilbert, Paul Bascomb, and Andrew Hill.

Did Sun Ra play any role in this show? From the Chicago Defender, November 10, 1956, p. 14.

During the fall and winter of 1956, the Arkestra backed such performers as Little Miss Cornshucks, Al Hibbler, and Ruth Brown, and probably alternated with B. B. King's band. Budland brought in Duke Groner's band for a week in December, to fill a gap between B. B. King and Dinah Washington; it also signed Richard Whatley, a drummer who had been leading bands for the previous decade under the stage name "Don Costello." But judging from Whatley's advertised gigs and contracts filed with Local 208, he could not have been carrying the Thursday through Sunday night load most weeks at Budland. More often than not, this would be the Arkestra's uncredited responsibility.

Sun32. Le Sun-Ra and his Arkestra

Super-Sonic Jazz

H7OP0216, Super-Sonic Jazz, was the first album to be issued by Saturn. According to John Corbett, drawing on documents originally in the possession of Alton Abraham, the master tape was edited at RCA Studios on February 14, 1957, and the LP was released in March with an initial pressing of 500 copies (see Pathways to Unknown Worlds, pp. 5-6). The LP was the first record to use the now customary spelling "Arkestra."

The album's original matrix numbers, according to Alden Kimbrough and Peter Roberts, were H7OP0216 and H7OP0217; these indicate that the album was pressed by RCA Victor, and the H prefix stands for 1957. The first cover for the album was done by Claude Dangerfield, featuring a keyboard, lightning bolts, flames and a conga drum, printed in red on white. Dangerfield, a classmate of Pat Patrick and John Gilmore at DuSable High School, designed several album covers for Saturn in the late 1950s (though much of it was not used until later), as well as some cover art that never showed up on a Saturn LP but was preserved in Alton Abraham's collection.

By 1959, the album was carrying the serial number SR-LP 0216; this may have been the intended number all along, but it cannot be seen on either the label or the cover of the earliest pressings. The Dangerfield keyboard cover was still in use, but was now printed in yellow on pink-purple.

The 1957 and 1959 editions of the LP carried back liner notes with extensive information about each composition and each musician, with the evident goal of introducing the Arkestra to potential record buyers. Such meticulous crediting would not, alas, become a tradition at Saturn.

The Void cover, from a 1968 El Saturn pressing. From the collection of Chris Trent.

The second and more common cover, also by Dangerfield, of the Void with various solar and musical symbols (this cover was in circulation by the early sixties - Kimbrough owns two copies with this cover and yellow labels - and remained the cover of choice thereafter). This cover was printed in varying colors: blue and green backgrounds have been reported, but yellow print on a black background was the most common. In 1967, the LP was given the catalog number 204, which actually appeared on the orange El Saturn labels in 1968. Around 1970, the album was re-pressed once again on Thoth Intergalactic, still with the catalog number 204 (Stephen Ramirez). In all, Super-Sonic Jazz was re-pressed more often than any other Saturn album, and we may not have described all the label varieties. On all Saturn labels, "El Is a Sound of Joy" is abbreviated to "El."

Editions of the album with the Void cover employ a revised, heavily abridged version of the original liner notes, with shorter comments about each piece and no bios on the musicians. Two poems by Sun Ra are added.

From a 1968 El Saturn pressing in the collection of Chris Trent

Two years after its release on LP, this performance of "Blues at Midnight" was featured in Ed Bland's film The Cry of Jazz, which was recently reissued on DVD as Atavistic UMS DJ-865. An edited version of the 1956 "Blues at Midnight" accompanies “scenes of Negro life,” alternating with footage of the musicians. It starts at 4:13 into the film and continuing all the way to 13:16. In this case, the editing pads more than it cuts, as the original recording times in at 6:30 and the film version runs to 9:03. The initial tympani roll is removed and Ra's piano solo is abbreviated. John Gilmore's theme statement and tenor sax solo are heard in their entirety, Art Hoyle's trumpet is cut off almost as soon as it begins, around 7:15, then Gilmore's solo is repeated, and the trumpet solo does not get going till 10:25. At 11:15 a fragemnt of the tenor sax solo is repeated once again; the trumpet takes over at 11:53 and continues to the abrupt ending of the segment. The soundtrack leaves out Ra's final piano solo and the fade that can be heard on Super-Sonic Jazz.

The tympani were probably excised from the film soundtrack because when the musicans are on screen tympani are on view with no one behind them. "Blues at Midnight" is made to appear to be the work of a later quintet consisting of Sun Ra (upright piano), Hobart Dotson (trumpet), John Gilmore (tenor sax), Ronnie Boykins (bass), and William "Bugs" Cochran (drums). Ronnie Boykins and John Gilmore are on camera far more than the others (hence the repetitions of Gilmore's recorded solo, which also lend credence to the movie's message about the confining force of repeating chord changes), but the faces of every performer except Sun Ra can be seen at one time or another. The quintet appears to have been filmed in the summer of 1958. Ed Bland (when interviewed by Ralph Pleshar) stated that Hobart Dotson appeared in the movie.

John Gilmore during the Blues at Midnight scene in The Cry of Jazz.

All tracks from the Saturn album were reissued in 1974 on Impulse AS-9271, under the title Super Sonic Sounds. All tracks were reissued on Evidence 22015 [CD] in 1992 under the original title. “Kingdom of Not” was also included in a 1997 Evidence-derived Sun Ra CD sampler, Sun Ra Came Down to the Earth, on Japanese Paddle Wheel Records, KICJ 315, and on Evidence 22219, Greatest Hits: Easy Listening for Intergalactic Travel, in September 2000.

The location come from the Saturn liner notes, and the personnel is based on the Saturn credits. The dates for these sessions can be pretty closely bracketed, because Patrick is playing alto sax, Sproles is on bass, and no trombonist is present. Julian Priester (who did not recall playing with Sproles) departed from the Arkestra in September 1956. Art Hoyle, in turn, left in December 1956 or soon thereafter to join Lionel Hampton's band (the latest date he has given is March 1957, but this is clearly too late--the liners to the first pressing of Super-Sonic Jazz already credit him with service in Hamp's band).

A tape box from this session also included versions of “Eve” (“Portrait of the Living Sky” was a rather elaborate piano prelude to “Eve” that ended up being released by itself), “Super Blonde,” “Velvet” and three takes of a number titled “Dreams.” This last could be “Dreams Come True”-we are not 100% sure. The tracks are listed here in session order, as per the tape box, not as they appeared on the LP. Several of the Ra tunes from this session were copyrighted on December 17, 1956 (see below). The original title of “Kingdom of Not” was “Big Charles” (which also appears on a tape box from the session) and “El Is a Sound of Joy” was called “El (House of Joy).” The impromptu “Blues at Midnight” and the now independent "Portrait of the Living Sky" had to wait till April 8, 1957, when they were registered as Parts I and II of "Prevues of Tomorrow (A Suite of Translated Thought)."

The version of “El Is a Sound of Joy” from this session sounds embryonic compared to the version later released on Sound of Joy--note how the second and third strains are repeated twice and the second strain appears again before the piano solo, and how the final chorus seems tacked on. However, the rhythm section on the first version (with just Cochran's drums under the second strain, no tympani or hand clapping) makes a reference to Chicago's elevated trains much more plausible.

The Arkestra's involvement with the short-lived Transition label would have a major impact on Sunny. In July Transition had sprung for a session at Universal, the best studio in town. The LP would be released early in 1957, no doubt to great expectations. But Transition folded before it could release its second Sun Ra album, made in a cheaper studio in November. It would be nearly a decade before anything from the second Transition album saw the light. Julian Priester, concerned about "the rise and fall of the fork," had gone on the road with Lionel Hampton; Charles Davis had come in on baritone sax, and William "Bugs" Cochran had taken over on drums. The Arkestra had grown less militant and more relaxed; compositions like The Kingdom of Not showed the influence of Gospel music as well as an obvious strain of exotica. So did El Is a Sound of Joy.

Balkan may have been a cheaper studio, but the session was well recorded and all of the counterrhythms register. "El Is a Sound of Joy" probably was intended to invoke Chicago's elevated trains (though the October version does a better job of it than the Novemeber rendition). But we think the title also came out of one of the poems Sunny was writing at the time: "El is Ra/ Ra is El/ Is Ra El?" The album as a whole, which escaped release till Delmark picked it up in 1968, is one of Sunny's best.

In October, Pat Patrick recorded on his own for the tiny Ping label, in a legendary quintet session with Von Freeman, Andrew Hill, Malachi Favors, and Wilbur Campbell; his composition "Down Pat" was copyrighted on October 29.

The Arkestra's recording sessions in the second half of 1956 were focused almost exclusively on Sun Ra's compositions. At Budland, on the other hand, the band provided backing for such artists as Little Miss Cornshucks (already familiar to Sunny from his turn in the Fletcher Henderson band a decade earlier) and Ruth Brown.

The first release for 4 tunes from the November 1956 session. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell.

Sun33. Sun Ra and the Arkestra

Sound of Joy /
Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth /
Deep Purple

This session was recorded for Transition (before Sunny's first album for the label was released) and intended to become Jazz by Sun Ra Volume 2. The LP featured Sunny's working band with the addition of Dave Young on second trumpet and Johnny Avant on trombone (the latter on two tracks only). But the company folded before these plans could be carried out. Items from this session appeared on three different LPs, two on Saturn and one on Delmark, from which various reissues have sprung in turn.

First, four tracks appeared in 1966 on Saturn 9956-11-A/B, Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth. The cover art, by Claude Dangerfield, was a variant of the work he had prepared for A Tonal View of Times Tomorrow, an LP that never got past the early planning stages. In 1967 Visits Planet Earth was given the catalog number 207. All tracks from this album were reissued in 1992 on Evidence 22039 [CD].

Second, all but two tracks from the session were released in 1968 on Delmark DS-414, Sound of Joy (in electronic stereo). According to Bob Koester, as interviewed by Allan Chase, the two cuts featuring vocalist Clyde Williams were in Delmark's possession but were held from release in 1968 because they seemed stylistically incongruous with the rest of the session. (Clyde Williams sang with Sun Ra in late 1956 and 1957.) The Delmark album was pirated as the first LP of the 2-LP set Monkey MY 40014 (Monkey being a French label with seriously dubious credentials). In addition, there was a single-LP French bootleg in the BYG Jazz Masters Série, BYG 529.162 (issued c. 1970-thanks to Marco Melaragni for pointing this one out).

Third, “Dreams Come True” with Clyde Williams' vocal saw the light in 1973 on Side A of Saturn LP 485, Deep Purple (some copies titled Dreams Come True). All tracks from Side A of this LP were reissued on Evidence 22014 [CD, 1992]. “Dreams Come True” was also reissued in 1983 on the Saturn anthology LP, Just Friends (Saturn XI). Hoyle was listed as “Arthur Horn” on the jacket of Saturn 485, and Robert Barry was incorrectly given there as the drummer.

All tunes from the session (including “As You Once Were”) were finally united, in mono, on one disk in 1994 as Delmark DD-414 (a CD again titled Sound of Joy). The composer of “As You Once Were” is not listed by Delmark, but Ron Horton's research at the Library of Congress shows that Ra copyrighted it, and James Wolf has found that Clyde Williams was credited with the words. The Delmark CD incorrectly states that “Dreams Come True” was previously unissued. That appears to be true only of the take that Delmark used. In fact, Delmark used a different take of the piece than appeared on Saturn 485; it is even possible that Saturn used a version from the October session (we have not heard any of the tracks from that session called “Dreams” so we cannot comment further).

Personnel are as listed on the Delmark LP jacket. The date and location for this session are troublesome. First the date. Delmark gave (and, on the CD, still gives) November 1957 as the recording date, which is impossible. Given the makeup of the band, September to December 1956 is pretty much guaranteed. Art Hoyle was gone by the end of 1956 or shortly thereafter. By November 1957 James Spaulding and very likely Marshall Allen would have been playing alto sax in the Arkestra while Charles Davis would most likely not have been available. November 1, 1957, the date that has been given in many discographies, needs revising to November 1, 1956.

Delmark gives John Avant as the trombonist. Priester says that Johnny Avant was a leading studio musician in Chicago and could well have been available for only the two tracks on which a trombone can be heard. (Avant also worked briefly with Arkestrans Gilmore and Ronald Wilson in a big band led by alto saxophonist Willie Randall; earlier, he had been a regular in the Dukes of Swing when Sunny was their music director and in the Red Saunders band while Sunny was arranging for Saunders.)

James Wolf at the Library of Congress has found that Sun Ra registered a slew of tunes in December 1956. On December 5, he and Clyde Williams copyrighted “As You Once Were.” Pat Patrick and Charles Davis copyrighted "Two Tones" on December 7. On December 17, “Sunology (A Suite of Philosophical Sounds)” followed. The eight-part suite consisted of “Planet Earth,” “Overtones of China,” “India,” “Eve,” “Big Charles” [retitled “Kingdom of Not” before release], “El (House of Joy),” “El Victor,” and “Summation: Sunology.” The affinity between this session and the October session for Saturn is therefore most clear.

Now the location. Delmark says the session took place at Universal Studios, but Hoyle recalls recording for Transition in a “kind of nondescript” studio on the West Side of Chicago. Alton Abraham recalled recording at a studio with a name like “Balladine” as well as RCA Studios. Balkan Studio was on the West Side, and we know that Saturn had already used it for a session on April 13.

John Szwed has uncovered test pressings of Sound of Joy and Visits Planet Earth. Both were made at a Columbia pressing plant, but it is not known whether the plant was in Chicago or New York.

One of the Fall 1956 sessions, probably the November 1 outing for Transition, got Sunny into hot water with Local 208, which diligently checked studio recording sessions for musicians who were not in good standing with the Union:

Sunny must have paid his fine promptly, because he would remain in good standing with Local 208 for the rest of his stay in Chicago.

After the Hoyle episode, we suspect that Sunny firmly resolved not to keep Local 208 apprised of the Arkestra's appearances in a local independent film, which had started production a few months earlier.

Over two years in the making, The Cry of Jazz was a 34-minute film produced and directed by Edward O. Bland and announced, in a Chicago Defender article, for release in October 1958. The schedule slipped and the movie's premiere finally took place in April 1959. It has recently been reissued on DVD as Atavistic UMS DJ-865. The credits in the flim as released pretend that the music in the film was all "recorded in Europe"... presumably to throw Local 208 off the scent.

If Bland ever intended to record the Arkestra live, he quickly abandoned that plan. The Arkestral footage in the film consists of portions of different live peformances edited together with a pre-recorded soundtrack. What's more, Arkestra members are asked to fill a couple of unexpected roles--as a Dixieland ensemble, and a Cool jazz quartet without a piano. Most likely the audio for the Dixieland and Cool sequences was also pre-recorded--we are not entirely sure by whom.

Except for the Cool and Dixieland pieces, everything heard in the film seems to have come out of the Arkestral book. The composer credits in the film list Le Sun Ra and Julian Priester as composers (the latter being responsible for "Urnack"). Paul Severson is a fictional jazz band leader, for whom Alex, the character who serves as Ed Bland's spokesman, works as an arranger. We have no idea who Norman Leist was. Eddie Higgins, on the other hand, was a White jazz pianist who was rising to prominence on the Chicago scene. He began recording as a leader in 1958, when his trio cut an LP for Replica, and came to the attention of a wider public in 1959-1960 when he appeared on a Lee Morgan session for Vee-Jay and recorded an album of his own. Higgins continued to record in Chicago through the early 1970s for various labels, including Atlantic. Higgins' recordings under his own name consisted mainly of standards or (when the record company demanded them) pop hits of the day. We are not sure what he was responsible for in The Cry of Jazz.

Though not really about the Arkestra, The Cry of Jazz contains the only known film footage from the Chicago period--scenes filmed at 5 or 6 club gigs between 1956 and 1958 (according to Bland, when interviewed by Ralph Pleshar). We have identified the musicians on each club appearance where they can be seen. Julian Priester did not recall being filmed, but can be seen momentarily while his composition "Urnack" is heard on the soundtrack. Bland has said that BeBop Sam Thomas was present on electric guitar; careful analysis of the film turns him up in 2 places.

Not wanting to depend on others to put out his music, Sun Ra had wisely started his own record company. "I didn't want to go through all that starving in the attic and all that foolishness," he said in 1987. "I wanted to bypass that particular trauma they put on artists."

Saturn records were as close to home-made as anything that requires a mechanical process can be. They were typically pressed in batches of seventy-five--sometimes less. The mastering and pressing were less than the best (even vinylmaniacs admit that Saturns sound much better as reissued on CD). The silk-screening or printing on the front covers was done by Alton Abraham and others involved with the company; many of the original print blocks survived among Alton Abraham's effects and were exhibited at the Hyde Part Art Center in Chicago during 2006-2007. Sunny brought the records to gigs in a cardboard box, where band members sold them for cash only. Record store sales (and reviews in the jazz press) were few and far between.

During the period that concerns us, Saturn was a singles label. The first three Arkestral releases were on 45s (though some reappeared on LP much later). There were just two LPs: Supersonic Jazz, which came out in 1957, after it was clear that there would be no more Transitions, and Jazz in Silhouette, from 1959. An item in the Chicago Defender, from June 1959, announced that Saturn had released 6 singles by then. The bulk of the Arkestra's Chicago recordings would go unreleased until 1965, and some waited a good deal longer.

Two different doo-wop guides (the Goldmine guide and the Group Collector's Guide) list a single on Saturn 1002 by The Montereys, with a recording date of 1956. The titles were “My Girl” and “With You.” Bob McGrath's encyclopedia, The R&B Indies, adds releases by the group on Saturn 1001 and 1003. Alton Abraham was positive that no such group ever recorded for his and Sunny's Saturn label. The “other” Saturn had a different logo (which can be seen in McGrath's volume) and, according to some sources, operated out of Pittsburgh.

As 1957 began, the Arkestra was still at Budland, sometimes restricted to the Monday morning "breakfast dance." Cadillac Bob must have regretted the expense after a return engagement for Dinah Washington over the holidays. In the future, it was Herman Roberts of Roberts Show Lounge who would lay out the fees she demanded. No longer would Budland regularly book big-name singers from out of town. During the first six weeks of the year, gigs at the club were not being advertised and the place was nearly empty. But organ trioswere suddenly popular in the Black community and Cadillac Bob decided to put one together in mid-Febuary. By early March, Tom Archia was fronting the trio on tenor sax and customers were returning. For the next six months, the club was able to sustain itself, but its resurgent advertisements kept passing over Sunny's contribution.

Studio time cost money, too. For the next couple of years, Ra and Abraham usually made do with tapes cut at rehearsals or in the clubs. The 1957 Arkestra isn't well documented on records--just a handful of instrumental tracks were ever released, all of them from rehearsals. By the beginning of 1958 there had been major alerations to the lineup. An adventuresome alto saxophonist From Indianapolis named James Spaulding (1938- ) came into the fold in July or August of 1957. Spaulding sounded the same then as he would years later -- about halfway between Cannonball Adderley and Ornette Coleman. Alto saxophonist Marshall Allen (born May 25, 1924 in Louisville, Kentucky) had wandered into Chicago in 1952, after a sojourn in Europe. Playing in his spare time while he maintained a day job at the Rivier Camera Company, he sought out Sun Ra after hearing the Transition album. He and Spaulding added their flutes to the Arkestral armamentarium. And then there was bassist extraordinaire Ronnie Boykins (born in 1932), another graduate of DuSable High School who had been playing in R&B bands.

An unrecorded Arkestra: from left, prob. Lucious Randolph, trumpet; John Gilmore, tenor sax; Marshall Allen, alto sax; unidentified, baritone sax. Budland, 1957 or 1958; from The Cry of Jazz.

Despite the sore lack of publicity, the band did get some use out of Budland. One of Sunny's conditions on any club gig was that the Arkestra be allowed to rehearse at the club when it was empty. The next session was recorded at such a rehearsal.

Hattie Randolph. From the Chicago Defender, October 29, 1955, p. 29.

The featured vocalist was new to the Arkestra. Hattie Randolph was Lucious Randolph's sister. She had performed in a family band led by their father, trumpet player Zilner T. Randolph. She had sung at a club called Birdland in 1954 (this short-lived venue had no connection with Cadillac Bob's establishment) and in a revue at the Rena Theater in 1955. Her singing had attracted the attention of local entrepreneurs Paul King and Les Caldwell. who recorded her for their Drexel label that same year.

Sun34. Sun Ra and his Arkestra

Deep Purple

Hattie Randolph says these tracks were made live at Budland after Art Hoyle left the band. The bassist is not Ronnie Boykins; Victor Sproles was credited on the Saturn LP jacket. Tito is the only conga player that other musicians have recalled working with Ra during the 1950s. The three sides were first released in 1973 on Side A of Saturn LP 485, Deep Purple (some copies titled Dreams Come True). All tracks from Side A were reissued on Evidence 22014 [CD, 1992].

A benefit sponsored by Artis Abraham (Alton's brother, and a possible third participant in Saturn Records) for a candidate for Mayor of Bronzeville took place on February 15 at the Grand Ball Room, 6351 South Cottage Grove. (See Pathways to Unknown Worlds, p. 82). Music was by "SUN RA (Sun God of Jazz)." The candidate was probably a member of the Abraham clan. Artis Abraham would run for Mayor of Bronzeville in 1959, and Zenophon Abraham ran for the honorary but high-profile office in 1961.

According to Leroy Cooper (who briefly played baritone sax with Sun Ra in 1957), Ra doing arrangements at the time for singer Lorez Alexandria (see As Serious as Your Life by Val Wilmer). Though Ronald Wilson, who would become a member of the Arkestra for a time, played on her first LP for King Records, we have no evidence of Ra arrangements on Alexandria's recordings from this period. Alexandria recorded for the King label in Chicago on two separate occasions in 1957, but King Fleming was responsible for all of the arrangements on these sessions. It remains unknown who arranged her 1959 recordings for King, which were also made in Chicago, but the fact that they involved a string section rules Sunny out.

Hattie Randolph recalled a version of “Saturn” featuring her brother Lucious on trumpet. Although such a thing could have been recorded rather easily, none of the three known versions of “Saturn” from the Chicago period includes him. And there has been no confirmation of such a release on the Saturn label. The versions that saw release on Saturn featured Art Hoyle ( February 1956) and Hobart Dotson (see below, March 6, 1959). A third version, with Art Hoyle and Dave Young (November 1, 1956) was never released on Transition, for which it was originally intended, or on Saturn, but did eventually appear on Delmark.

How often is a singer identified by his manner of addressing others? From the Chicago Defender, June 22, 1957, p. 20.

There is some uncertainty about the date of the first Yochanan single, but if it was made in 1957 (as seems reasonably likely), it was the only studio recording for Saturn that year.

Sun35. Yochanan Yochanan (The Space Age Vocalist)

The Singles

Yochanan (who later added an extra "n" to his name, perhaps for numerological reasons) was an eccentric R&B performer in Chicago who wore “sun colors” and open-toed sandals, said he was “descended from the Sun,” and gave “wild man” performances in clubs and along Maxwell Street. John Gilmore recalled him hanging around rehearsals while the band was playing at Budland but after Jazz by Sun Ra. By contrast, Julian Priester (who left the band in September 1956) does not remember him. Hattie Randolph recalls Yochanan and this single.

The “The Man from Mars” (one of Yochanan's aliases) appeared pretty steadily at the Come Back Trail, a club in Sunny's neighborhood, from May through July 1957. (Located at 5114 South Prairie Avenue, the Trail had previously been known as the New Rocket Lounge, Sonny's Lounge, the Jewell Lounge, and, most famously, Ada's Chicken Shack). For instance, Yochanan was on a bill with Andrew Tibbs and the King Kolax band) on July 6, as per the club's ad in the Chicago Defender. It's reasonable to suppose that Yochanan's first session was made during this period of relatively high visibility. “M uck M uck” (or so it was spacedon the original Saturn label) would be Yochanan's signature number as late as the early 1980s (he died around 1985). In the clubs, the lyrics were variations on the dozens; for the edification of record buyers, he substituted a lot of nonsense syllables.

Yochanan rarely got gigs in the bigger blues clubs, and, when he did, he didn't hold on to them for long. After his run at the Come Back Trail, he would not resurface in the entertainment pages of the Chicago Defender until June 1959, when he was performing on Wednesday and Thursday nights at the Green Door (450 West 63rd Street). He lasted only a week or two. In 1960, he would raise his profile a little, eventually recording again for Saturn.(see below).

John Gilmore intensely disliked Yochanan, denied recording with him, and told Robert Campbell that these sides were made by the singer's “rock and roll” band. But Alton Abraham said firmly that Arkestra members were used on all sessions with Yochanan. Moreover, the rhythm section work and the tenor sax part (though strictly in an accompanying role) are distinctly Arkestral in their finesse and rhythmic complexity. The tenor sax player is not John Gilmore; rather, it seems to be someone who has technical facility on the instrument but no sonic distinction. Pat Patrick played tenor sax in this fashion; so (later on, at least) did Charles Davis. There is even a chance that the sides were made while John made a trip to New York to record his Blue Note LP with Clifford Jordan (early March 1957).

The label states that the date was produced by Yochanan, Sun Ra, and Alton Abraham. Saturn 4236/4237 was a 45 rpm single.

To further complicate matters, "Muck Muck" (now with an Egyptianized subtitle: Maat Maat) and "Hot Skillet Mama (Momma)" were apparently prepared for copyright in 1960, judging from the date neatly inscribed at the bottom of the front page for each sheet. Words and nonsense syllables were carefully rendered. The compositions were credited to Yochannan Yochannan and Alton Abraham--no mention of Ra anywhere. And Abraham was in no hurry to get them registered; each sheet was stamped May 16, 1964 by the Library of Congress.

“Muck Muck” and “Hot Skillet Mama” were both reissued in 1995 on a bootleg collection LP titled Blowin' through Yokohama! (Atomic Passion 1958). This was billed as “16 Hot Skillet Muck Muck R&B Blasts!” and otherwise included “various muckety mucks” such as “Blowin' through Yokohama (Parts 1 and 2)” by the Medallions, “True Fine Mama” by Little Julian Herrera and the Tigers, “Stick Out Your Can” by Roscoe Holland, “Mama Ubangi Bangi” by the Four Sounds, “Brand New Automobile” by the Payments, “Rock and Roll Sermon” by Elder Beck, and “She's Jailbait” by Roosevelt Sykes (thanks to Pedro Moreno for this information). Yochanan's name was consistently misspelled “Yochanon” by the compilers of this bootleg, who did correctly register his title of “Space Age Vocalist.” The first legitimate reissue of these tracks took place in September 1996, on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [CD].

On March 28 and 30, 1957, the Defender announced the grand opening of a new ballroom called the Casino Moderne at 913 East 63rd Street. The festivities, spread over Friday and Saturday nights, featured Sunny and the Arkestra along with Mike Hernandez and his Latin Band. On April 2, the Defender included Sun Ra, for the first time in months, in a roundup of talent appearing in Loop and Southside clubs. Ra was mentioned in connection with the Casino Moderne.

The Casino Moderne settled down into a pattern of featuring Latin groups most nights, and "modern jazz" outfits on Mondays (Joe Segal quickly became the impresario for the latter). The Arkestra was never, so far as we know, featured in the jazz on Mondays series, but would make an occasional appearance at the ballroom.

An advertisement in the Defender shows that Sunny and the band were still at Budland in July, in a show that also featured standup blues singer Jo Jo Adams and an organ trio led by tenor saxophonist Tom Archia. Archia enjoyed a long run at the club from early March through early August, when he quit after an altercation with Adams during a Monday morning breakfast dance. The late Charles Walton, who was in the band for much of this run, recalled that "Cadillac Bob, as usual, became funny with the money and didn't pay us on time"; Archia would also complain to Local 208 that his pay wwas coming in "dribbles." One suspects that Cadillac Bob got funny with Sunny's money as well.

Unfortunately, Cadillac Bob continued to take the Arkestra for granted. It seems that Alton Abraham had to pay for any Defender blurbs that the Arkestra got.

The photo that accompanied the Defender announcement showed Sunny wearing a fez, as he and the rest of the band had done for a little while the previous year. It is said that they quit after some of Elijah Muhammad's bodyguards showed up one night and told them, "No more fezzes." Apparently such headgear was reserved to the Nation of Islam.

On August 15, 1957, Sun Ra posted an indefinite contract with the Club DeLisa, where he was now leading the off-night band. (Since Local 208 was restricting its members to 5-day weeks, both Monday and Tuesday were off-nights.) Sunny did not use the full Arkestra for these gigs. Mike DeLisa, the oldest of the four DeLisa brothers and the one who was quoted in the press in the past, had died around January 1, 1957, and the club could no longer afford a large band: the regular bandleader, Red Saunders, had been gradually shedding personnel since 1949, and an experiment whereby Red's band was supplemented with Juan Soler's mambo ensemble was halted after a few months. Although the DeLisa's downward trend must have been painfully obvious, Sunny was surely proud to be featured on the same stage where he had played with Fletcher Henderson and the Red Saunders band had performed so many of his arrangements. The abbreviated Arkestra appears to have kept the gig until January 1958, when Louie DeLisa also died. The last Defender advertisement for the club ran on January 25, 1958. The DeLisa closed its doors the next month, leaving a hole in the South Side entertainment scene that would never be filled.

Meanwhile, Sunny wasn't done with Budland. A quick blurb in the daily Defender's "Off the Record " column for September 10 declared that

Taking its wording from one of Alton Abraham's press releases, it marked the first time that the Defender referred to Sunny's band as an Arkestra. Some early Saturn Record publicity styled Sunny's followers as Atonites--a joint allusion to atonal music, and to the Egyptian sun god Aton or Aten. A surviving Atonite announcement and an unsold ticket can be seen in Pathways to Unknown Worlds (p. 82). Clyde "Out of Space" Williams got his own billing as the band's vocalist.

Whose band was backing these singers? From the Chicago Defender, October 5, 1957.

But Budland's fortunes were declining as well. Tom Archia had quit the house trio. Then Cadillac Bob got into all kinds of Union trouble for hiring Jack McDuff a week or so after Archia left. Moving onto Local 208's turf from Danville, Illinois, Brother Jack was shamelessly capitalizingon the shortage of keyboardists who knew their way around a Hammond B-3. A Jack McDuff trio would have kept customers coming in, but it wasn't to be. On October 3, Harry Gray and the Board of Local 208 ordered McDuff off the gig. Cadillac Bob was in a quandary; the only performer he thought could exert any drawing power was the MC, Jo Jo Adams. Adams told jokes and sang blues; he had no band. Bill Hobbs, who had been the drummer in the McDuff trio, signed a contract with the club, but a trio of Bill Hobbs, saxophonist Flaps Dungee, and a no-name organist wasn't going to keep the cash register ringing. From the previous year, Cadillac Bob still had the Arkestra and Richard Whatley's band under contract, but Whatley couldn't have been called on much; he was showing up regularly on the Local 208 contract list during 1957 with jobs at other clubs. So the Atonite promotion helped to keep the Arkestra at Budland, but on what terms and with what frequency we don't know. Just scraping by, Budland would not buy another ad in the Defender until June 1958, when it briefly reverted to an elaborate variety-show production starring R&B singer Carl van Moon.

Pat Patrick impersonates a Dixieland clarinetist, at Budland in 1956. Art Hoyle plays the trumpet. From The Cry of Jazz.

On June 19, 1957, Ra had copyrighted a piece with words by himself and music by Arganny Jones titled “Tone Pictures” (James Wolf). Who Arganny Jones was remains a mystery; “Tone Pictures” could be Ra's own composition, but the handwriting on the lead sheet isn't his. With words like "Pleasant intuitions of better things to come," the piece resembles an early Arkestral liner note set to music. No recordings are known.

Ronnie Boykins in the Blues at Midnight scene (1958), from The Cry of Jazz.

Sun36. Sun Ra and his Solar Arkestra

Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth

Sun37. Sun Ra and his Solar Arkestra

Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth

Sun38. Sun Ra and his Solar Arkestra

Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth

These three tracks were released in 1966 on Side A of Saturn LP 9956-11-A/B, Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth. In 1967, it was given the catalog number 207. In 1992, all tracks from this LP were reissued on Evidence 22039 [CD]. The extensive solo credits on the Saturn jacket were helpful in establishing the personnel. James Spaulding joined the Arkestra soon after his arrival in Chicago in August 1957; Marshall Allen and Ronald Boykins were in the fold by the beginning of 1958 and may have joined earlier. Julian Vein gives early 1958 as the date for these three items. Lucious Randolph says the date is approximately correct, and is positive about his appearance on “Planet Earth” (on which he solos) but not completely sure about “Eve” and “Overtones of China.”

A test pressing of Visits Planet Earth was uncovered by John Szwed. It was made in a Columbia plant, but it is not known whether it was done during the Chicago or New York period (the latter seems more likely).

An early pressing of Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell.

A conspicuous indication of Sunny's good standing with Local 208 was his installation, in a ceremony on January 2, 1958, to a 4-year term as a member of the local's Examining Board. (The other examiner was William Neeley). He must have had this experience in mind many years later when he occasionally gave a sermonette that began, "This is judgment day--or, rather, examination day." (A version was recorded on the Arkestra's second session for A&M in 1989, and attached to the front end of an instrumental titled "Of Invisible Them.")

John Gilmore joins Johnny Griffin. From the Chicago Defender, December 21, 1957, p. 17.

Meanwhile, pickings continued to be lean for the band, as economic recession bit sharply into the South and West Side club scenes. Just before Christmas 1957, John Gilmore defected from the Arkestra for the first time. He joined Johnny Griffin in a Battle of the Tenors format at the new Swingland Lounge (6249 South Cottage Grove, an address previously occupied by the Cotton Club). Griffin filed an indefinite contract with Local 208 on February 6, 1958, and Gilmore followed with his own on March 6. They were assisted by the rhythm section of Jodie Christian (piano), Bill Lee (bass), and Wilbur Campbell (drums). Former "Out of Space" singer Clyde Wiiliams was also on the bill. Swingland's owners misgauged the market for this kind of jazz, and the club closed its doors in April 1958; the last couple of advertisements mentioned Johnny Griffin but not John Gilmore. Gilmore's departure probably took place around March 20, when Victor Sproles, who had come in on bass, filed a new contract as the leader.

Had Griffin and Gilmore made their 3 month run in New York City, the group would have enjoyed a high probability of being recorded. But in Chicago at this date only the Chess brothers' Argo label might have been interested, and such a project would have posed contractual difficulties in Griffin's case.

Gilmore promptly returned to the Arkestra. A draft of an advertisement for a Sunday matinee dance at the Casino Moderne, March 30, 1958, was found among Alton Abraham's papers (Pathways to Unknown Worlds, p. 120). Getting feature billing alongside the great tenor saxophonist were Pat Patrick and Lucious Randolph.

John Gilmore had not yet reached his full maturity as a soloist, but his name would be featured on the labels to the next Saturn LP release in 1959. After recording an album with Clifford Jordan for Blue Note and co-leading with Johnny Griffin at Swingland, he had earned the recognition.

Meanwhile, Sun Ra copyrighted an enigmatic instrumental on February 11, 1958 titled “Out of Sight” (a collaboration with Conrad S. Wilson; the lead sheet is not in Sunny's handwriting). No recordings are known (thanks to James Wolf for ferreting this one out). Conrad Wilson was a musician whose name shows up twice in the Local 208 Board meeting minutes. The first mention pertained to a gig he had played at the Conrad Hilton hotel in late January 1956, with a bongoist who wasn't paid up with the union. The second was on account of an engagement he had played on December 31, 1957; the band he was working in played at Budland that night. We still don't know what instrument he played, or anything else about him.

Sun39. The Sun Ra

The Cry of Jazz (film)

An unidentified original composition, which could be the work of Ra, was used in the film The Cry of Jazz. It appears during the opening and final credits and between 15:26 and 16:17 in the middle of the film, where it accompanies a sequence of two young children living in a squalid, roach-infested apartment. The piece has a flute in the front line so, if done by the Arkestra, it postdates the arrival of Marshall Allen. (Ra does not play any keyboard on the piece, but that does not rule out his involvement.) Since it appears to have been written as a theme for the movie, we're taking the liberty of giving it the same title.

Sun40. Le Sun Ra and his Arkestra

The Singles

Saturn J08W0245/J08W0246 was a 45 rpm single with a gold label, released in 1958. (The J prefix indicates that the records were pressed by RCA Victor in 1958). “Hours After” was the A side. The only copy of the single yet to be located is in the possession of Leonard J. Bukowski. The track was reissued in September 1996 on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [2 CDs].

“Hours After” was written and arranged by trumpet player Everett (E. J.) Turner, Jr., who joined the Arkestra after Alvin Fielder, probably toward the middle of 1958. The original title was “Stinkin'.” It is clearly E. J. Turner (a Kenny Dorham disciple) who is featured on this track, though the original label stated, “Featuring Lucious Randolph”! (Randolph was the trumpet soloist on the flip side, “Great Balls of Fire.”) “Hours After” is attributed to Turner-Ra on Jazz in Silhouette. The piece was copyrighted on October 8, 1958 with music by Turner and words by Sun Ra (James Wolf). "Hours after, you hear it, you'll hum it/ If you play a a guitar you will strum it..." No recordings of the vocal version have been found.

Alvin Fielder confirmed his presence and Turner's. Muddy recording quality indicates a rehearsal (Alton Abraham said that this was done in a studio, which is cannot be the case, barring a sonic disaster-and that he used Robert Barry and not Alvin Fielder on studio sessions, which seems correct). The first edition of this discography included Charles Davis on baritone sax, but Alvin Fielder says that only Pat Patrick was present. Fielder gives the date as “around February 1959.” However, the J prefix puts the record firmly in the previous year.

Sun41. Sun Ra Arkestra

This legendary concert (for which the musicians were not paid...) is included because it figures prominently in the reminiscences of Lucious Randolph, Alvin Fielder, Bill Fielder, Nate Pryor, and James Spaulding, and in Val Wilmer's book As Serious as Your Life. The personnel is based on a composite of their reminiscences; Alvin Fielder confirms it except he does not believe that Charles Davis was present. (A more recent recollection by Bill Fielder has Hobart Dotson at the concert, playing lead trumpet, and omits Turner.) The concert was most likely recorded (as was Ra's standard practice at the time) but there is no confirmation that tapes are still extant. Wes Montgomery sat in. One version of the story has it that Freddie Hubbard wasn't allowed to because of his youth. However, Fielder recalls that Hubbard did sit in and liked Bugs Cochran's drumming. Alvin Fielder places the date as “April or early May 1959.” If Alvin Fielder is correct about the time of year, Charles Davis probably wasn't on hand, as he remained in Dinah Washington's band until the singer fired him in June 1958.

On June 26, 1958, Sun Ra posted an indefinite contract with Budland. Cadillac Bob had purchased two Defender advertisements in June, just before re-engaging the Arkestra. then dropped back off the newspaper's entertainment pages for nearly six months. In August, Budland picked up Porter Kilbert's band, which had been the house ensemble at Roberts Show Lounge for several months, until it was displaced by Red Saunders' veteran ensemble (Kilbert's contract was accepted and filed on August 21). We used to think that Budland had no further need for Arkestral services once Kilbert's band had been engaged, but the Arkestra was still around in December. It's pretty clear, though, that Kilbert's band normally got the Friday and Saturday night slots.

In December, when the club made another brief bid for attention in the Defender, the "Outer Space Band" was confined to the Monday morning breakfast dance. Dr. Jo Jo Adams had been brought back as the MC. (Inevitably, Sunny's name was going to come out as "Sun Ray"--the Defender had done it once in the weekly entertrainment roundup, but this time the misspelling was right in the display ad.) The Defender for December 20, 1958, carried a brief blurb for a Monday night jam session at the club; John Gilmore and Pat Patrick were among the participants readers were told might be there.

We don't know how long the jam sessions lasted. Budland brought in a band led by guitarist Leo Blevins, whose contract was accepted and filed by Local 208 on February 19, 1959. Blevins' band was still working a steady gig at the Last Chance Lounge in February, but when Budland resumed advertising in June, Porter Kilbert was gone and Blevins was in charge of the house ensemble. In May, Jo Jo Adams decamped to the Green Door, a blues club that kept him on as its weekend MC for several months. Budland was now trying to return to the variety show format that it had often used in 1956; the show was organized by Rudy Crier, who had been in charge of the Grand Terrace's final efforts in 1955, 1956, and 1957. Crier even brought in Harold Burrage, who had been a headliner when Sunny played the Terrace in 1955. No sooner had Burrage gotten himself noticed again than he was hired away by Roberts Show Lounge; the revue limped through July with other headliners. Although Crier had worked with Sun Ra in the fall of 1955, we suspect that the Arkestra departed around the same time as Porter Kilbert's band. In any event, the last ad for Budland ran on August 1, 1959. The club probably shut down later that month. By September 12, Leo Blevins and his International Jazz Men were headlining at the Coral Club (1378 East 63rd Street).

There would be one final attempt (with no ad budget) to bring live music to Budland, in January 1960. This involved Leo Blevins and Richard Whatley; there is no reason to think that Sunny played any role in it. Blevins' band was at Budland for two weeks, exiting in early March 1960. In 1964 or 1965, the club would reopen as a venue for DJs like Herb Kent who hosted dances for teenagers.

BeBop Sam Thomas (second from left) in 1957 or 1958, from The Cry of Jazz.

Sun42. Le Sun Ra and his Arkestra

The Singles

Saturn J08W0245/ J08W0246 was a 45 rpm single with a gold label, released in 1958. “Great Balls of Fire” appeared on the B side; the label states “Featuring Pat Patrick.” Bill Fielder (who played trumpet with Sun Ra in 1958) remembers “Great Balls of Fire.” The track was reissued for the first time in September 1996, on The Singles, a 2-CD set on Evidence 22164.

“Great Balls of Fire” came from a different rehearsal with much better sonics than the session that produced “Hours After.” (Alton Abraham said it was a studio session; if so, Robert Barry would be one of the drummers and not Alvin Fielder.) Personnel identified by rlc and corrected by Alvin Fielder (the first edition of this discography identified Ronald Wilson as the baritonist but Fielder does not recall working with him in the Arkestra). According to Alvin Fielder, Sam Thomas was the only regular guitarist in the Arkestra at this time, though Art Jobs worked with Ra briefly. Fielder also says that when the Arkestra used two drummers, he worked with William Cochran, not Robert Barry. He places the session in “late summer or early autumn 1959.” (His dates appear to be at least several months late).

Preserved among the Alton Abraham papers is a draft handbill for a coronation ball for Miss Bronze 1958 (Pathways to Unknown Worlds, p. 116). This took place on August 9 at the Casino Moderne, 913 East 63rd Street, where the band had often played for dancing, "Featuring the Great Sun Ra Plus a Host of Stars." This had to be one of the few occasions where an Arkestral performance was promoted with promises of "Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls."

A 1970s pressing of the Nubians of Plutonia, formerly in the collection of Sun Ra discographer Tilman Stahl, now in the collection of Chris Trent.

Sun43. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Lady with the Golden Stockings (The Nubians of Plutonia)

In 1959, "Star Time" was being considered for inclusion on a Saturn LP to follow Jazz in Silhouette. The plans were abandoned, but one of two trial versions of an LP side survives as K8OP-2864-2, a custom pressing done for Saturn by RCA Victor, with "Star Time" as the third of five tracks.

The track did not see release for several years. It finally appeared on an LP first issued (in a generic Tonal View of Times Tomorrow cover) by Saturn in 1966 as SR 9956-11E/F, Lady with the Golden Stockings. In 1967, this album was given the catalog number 406; by the end of 1967 (according to Vein) it was retitled The Nubians of Plutonia and by 1969 given a new cover by Richard Pedreguera. Subsequent reissues (on Impulse AS-9242 in 1974 and Evidence 22066 [CD] in 1993) have used the later title. We obtained titles and personnel from the 1969 Saturn and Impulse issues.

Lucious Randolph confirms Charles Davis's presence on this cut. Davis's availability for Arkestra recordings in 1957 and 1958 was limited by his commitment to singer Dinah Washington. He joined her band after she married tenor saxophonist Eddie Chamblee in February 1957 and was a regular member of her touring group until June 1958, when Dinah fired him and drummer James Slaughter, another Chicago musician. He could of course have sat in with the Arkestra when the singer was either working in Chicago (as she typically did three or four times a year) or spending some time at her home in town. Davis worked with Sun Ra during the second half of 1958 and into the early months of 1959. Not long after the big Arkestral studio session of March 6, 1959, he moved to New York.

While the Arkestra enjoyed its long initial run at Budland, Sun Ra stopped coaching vocal groups. During 1958 and 1959 Sunny renewed his interest in them. He mentored several ensembles (including Mr. V's Five Joys and the Qualities), but the Cosmic Rays were his pride and joy. The Rays were four young men from the West Side of Chicago; their manager, Raymond Dancer, lived on the South Side and had been acquainted with Ra for a little while. Ra, of course, named the group the Cosmic Rays. Sun Ra was a serious believer in community outreach, and he hoped to change their destinies, but despite his efforts it has been said that all four made bad exits from the planet many years ago. (The lead singer, Calvin Barron, died in the 1980s, supposedly in a murder-suicide.) "They were connected with a barbershop. I taught them other things." According to Dancer in his conversations with John Corbett, the Rays attended Arkestra rehearsals, typically working with Ra during breaks or with the entire band toward the end of the session. Many of these rehearsals were recorded.

Sun44. The Cosmic Rays with the Sun Ra Arkestra

When we first listed it, in the 2nd edition of The Earthly Recordings of Sun Ra, we thought that “Black Sky and Blue Moon” was by the Nu Sounds, maybe dubbed over a recording of the 1958-1959 Arkestra. From John Corbett's tape finds, and his interviews with the group's manager, Raymond Dancer, we know that the vocal group on "Black Sky and Blue Moon" was the Cosmic Rays and that the recording was made at an Arkestra rehearsal in which the Rays participated. Other tracks on the tape were made at different rehearsals around this time. Some of the material was taped in stereo. The recording was not of the best quality and has not been all that well preserved.

A copy of “Black Sky and Blue Moon” was brought to WKCR-FM by Sun Ra and broadcast during the station's Sun Ra Festival in April 1987. The musicians were identified by rlc but there is no doubt about Allen (who solos) or Boykins-or Patrick, for that matter-and Gilmore can be heard in the ensemble. We have added Charles Davis to our previous listing after being able to hear the piece in somewhat improved sonics. The rhythm section plays in a manner already familar from the 1957 tracks on Visits Planets Earth and from the entire contents of The Nubians of Plutonia. It and the other selections were released in 2003 on Atavistic UMS/ALP243, a CD titled Spaceship Lullaby.

“Somebody's in Love” is accompanied by alto and baritone sax, Ra's Wurlitzer electric piano, bass, and drums. “Bye Bye” uses piano, bass (barely audible), and drums. The first version of “Honey” is accompanied by the Wurlitzer, plus space lute, bass, and drums with mallets. The second version features a similar Arkestral lineup to the one on “Black Sky and Blue Moon,” possibly minus John Gilmore. “Come Rain or Come Shine” includes Pat Patrick on baritone sax with Ra on the trusty Wurlitzer, Boykins on bass, and a drummer. A flute can be heard at the very end of the piece.

A number of sources, including the late John Gilmore, identified Calvin Barron as the lead singer of the Cosmic Rays. Matt Swift and Lonnie Tolbert were named by the group's former manager, Raymond Dancer. According to Robert Pruter in Doowop: The Chicago Scene, Calvin Barron was the most experienced member of the Rays. In 1956, Barron joined the Moroccos, who had already recorded, appearing on their last session for United in August of that year. But United was in decline-the company would close its doors in 1957-and the Moroccos broke up. After the Rays became inactive, he would move on to another group called the Twi-Lites, which stayed together till 1963, if not later.

Sun45. Sun Ra

The Singles

Saturn 9/1954 is a 45 rpm single, not released till 1983 (according to the log at Variety Recording Studio, it was mastered on September 12, 1983; only 2 stampers were made). The complete lyrics to “Daddy's Gonna Tell You No Lie” are not included in this version, suggesting that it was a demo. Indeed, Michael Anderson has said that both titles on this single originated as a demo disk; the second take of “Daddy's Gonna Tell You No Lie” has a “bad start.” Take 1 was reissued on Evidence 22164 [2 CDs], The Singles, in September 1996.

Sun46. The Cosmic Rays with Le Sun Ra and Arkestra

The Singles

Saturn B222/223 was a 45 rpm single, probably issued in 1959. The Saturn label is light yellow. Thanks to Jerry Gordon for a description of this very rare single. The sides were recorded in a studio, but at a different session from the other Cosmic Rays single. Raymond Dancer, who managed the Rays and bankrolled their rehearsals with the Arkestra, told John Corbett that the two sides were recorded as demos at RCA Studios and subsequently released on Saturn Dancer's business card, now reproduced in Pathways to Unknown Worlds, mentions these two sides, suggesting that they were released first..

The presence of Jim Herndon on “timbali” might favor a 1958 date. We used to think that Richard Evans was on bass, but he had long since quit being the Arkestra's regular bassist by this time.

In 1995, “Bye Bye” was rereleased on the CD A Million Dollars Worth of Doo-Wop Volume 3 (Live Gold 7016). This is a various artists collection of obscure doo-wop from small labels including Corvette, Dice, and Hightone. Thanks to John Szwed for locating this item.

The first legitimate reissue of “Bye Bye” and the first reissue in any form of “Somebody's in Love” appeared in September 1996 on Evidence 22164 [2 CDs], The Singles.

Sun47. The Cosmic Rays with Sun Ra and Arkestra

The Singles

Saturn SR-401/SR-402 is a 45 rpm single, issued in 1959. Pete Gianakopoulous and the late Otto Flückiger reported copies that have red labels with golden yellow print. Barry Soltz reports original 45s that have silver print instead of golden yellow. These bear a a stamp from Sheldon (the name that Chess for its studio and pressing plant when it did work for outside customers) in the trail-off vinyl and are pressed on heavy, stiff vinyl, as was typical in 1959. There is an S prefix on the matrix numbers as incised in the trail-off area.

"Dreaming" and "Daddy's Gonna Tell You No Lie" were both copyrighted on September 1, 1959. The composers were identified as Calvin Barron and C. A. Orio--no mention of Sun Ra on either.

The single was “reissued” in 1983 (in imitation of the silver-print version). According to Barry Soltz, the reissues lack the Sheldon imprint in the trail-off area and are typically pressed on ligher, more flexible vinyl than was in use in 1959. Some have labels that are shiny (the original red to maroon had a matte finish). The reissue was not a genuine Saturn. Sunny's plans to put the sides back out himself were frustrated when a trunk containing his copies of the master tapes for both of them was stolen at some point in the late 1970s (Michael Arlt). According to Kenneth Ellzey, the reissue is a bootleg, one of the many “repro” 45s produced for doo-wop DJs and jukeboxes. The repro was still on sale in June 1995.

Again, we used to think that the bass player was Richard Evans, but in 1958-1959, Ronnie Boykins would gotten the first call to play bass, followed by Victor Sproles; Evans played with Arkestra only on a few occasions during this period.

Lucious Randolph recalls a conga player named Tito who performed with Ra around that time.

Jerry Gordon has said that the original tape boxes have the notation “use take 2” for both sides. However, “Daddy's” is announced on the master tape as take 1, and it is not known whether any other takes survive. According to Pat Padua and John Szwed, this version of “Daddy's Gonna Tell You No Lie” was reissued in 1989 on a doo-wop collection LP, Valmor 1369, Jook Block Busters #1.

“Dreaming” was reissued on LP in 1995. Pesky Serpent ps 1001 was a limited-edition bootleg collection (1000 copies) under the title Beat Jazz: Pictures from the Gone World. It also included tracks by Slim Gaillard, Kenneth Rexroth, Jack Kerouac, Bob Dorough, Ada Moore, Gil Mellé, and Gregory Corso, as well as “Picasso” by Coleman Hawkins (Pedro Moreno).

Both tracks were legitimately reissued for the first time in September 1996, on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [2 CDs].

Sun48. Juanita Rogers and Lynn Hollings with Mr. V's Five Joys / Juanita Rogers with Mr V's Five Joys

The Singles

Lynn Hollings is billed only on Side A (where he is the narrator). We used to think that he was one of the singers, but now that we know something of his subsequent career, we're inclined to think not. Pink Clouds 333 is a 7” 45 rpm single. It seems to have been issued twice. The first time was around 1959 and the label was a Chicago-area gospel specialist, which may have had some connection with Alton Abraham. The second issue (the only one to be located by collectors so far) has a definite Saturnian provenance. The label is hand-drawn and the 45s were distributed out of the House of Ra in Philadelphia at some point between 1974 and 1977 (before James Jacson took up residence in the house). No composers are listed but the publisher for the tunes is Enterplan BMI (indicating Ra or Abraham involvement). Both sides were reissued in September 1996 as part of The Singles, Evidence 22164 [2 CDs].

Thanks to Michael Arlt for locating this release; he describes the sonics accurately by saying it was “made in somebody's living room.” James Jacson confirmed Sunny's involvement and says that the release derived from an “old, old paper tape” in Sun Ra's private collection. Sun Ra recorded paper tapes on his Sound Mirror from 1948 until at least 1954 (when he reportedly recorded some very early solos by John Gilmore on a paper tape—nothing more is known about these items, unfortunately). However, Robert Pruter dates these sides from 1958 or 1959, based on the vocal style. It is not known whether the Five Joys are the same as the “Five Jays” (male lead, female lead, three male backup singers) whose publicity photo is in Robert Pruter's collection. However that may be, Sun Ra told Arkestra members that he wrote the arrangements for this date. On “Teenager's Letter of Promises,” the episodes with Hollings as the (heavily reverbed) narrator have obviously been spliced in by an amateur.

Lynn Hollings was a jazz disc jockey in Chicago during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He also appeared on television in some capacity. All of this brought him enough of a following to support a couple of appearances in the Chicago clubs during 1961. The first was a DJ night at the West Side club 5thJack, in January (the Arkestra would play 5thJack a few months later). The second was a one-nighter in July, at a North Side jazz club called the French Poodle; for that event, he was billed as "Radio & TV's Romantic Voice."

It is believed by some in the doo-wop community that Sun Ra produced a single for the M & M label in Chicago, featuring the doo-wop group The Equallos. One of the Equallos titles on M&M 30 was “Beneath the Sun.” M and M was a spinoff of the Mad label, started in 1957 by tenor saxophonist Tommy “Madman” Jones. Alton Abraham told Jerry Gordon that his and Ra's activities brought them into contact with Jones (“Everyone intermingled back then”) and that M and M used the same pressing plant for its singles. But the lyrics to “Beneath the Sun” are typical love-lorn fare, the vocal arrangement is poor quality, the quartet is sketchily accompanied by a rhythm section that does not sound like Sunny or anyone he would have worked with, and the record was made in 1962. The date in particular militates against Ra's involvement.

Sun49. Sun Ra and his Myth-Science Arkestra

Lady with the Golden Stockings (The Nubians of Plutonia)

Lucious Randolph is not sure whether he was present here, but Phil Cohran (the other trumpeter credited by Saturn and Impulse) hadn't joined the band yet.

Sun50. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Lady with the Golden Stockings (The Nubians of Plutonia)

This piece was retitled “The Golden Lady” on the jacket (but not the label) of the later Saturn releases and on Evidence 22066 [CD]. The Saturn label (but not the jacket) refers to the band as “Sun Ra and his Solar Arkestra.”

A 1970s pressing of The Nubians of Plutonia, from the collection of Chris Trent.

Sun51. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Lady with the Golden Stockings (The Nubians of Plutonia)

Sun52. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Lady with the Golden Stockings (The Nubians of Plutonia) /
Spaceship Lullaby*

The baritone sax work is rather “outside” for Charles Davis; it could be that Patrick played baritone sax and another Arkestran was entrusted with the space lute (which is prominent in the arrangement). Also, Spaulding's alto sax can be heard in the background near the end of the piece.

The 2nd edition of The Earthly Recordings contained conjectural vocal credits for various Arkestrans, which are now known to be incorrect. (We were encouraged in our error by the 1969 liner notes to The Nubians of Plutonia, which proclaimed "Vocals performed by the Arkestra.") The version of “Africa” that was released on Saturn contains a vocal ensemble for four men singing and humming wordlessly. In 2003, a brief vocal performance of “Africa” by then Cosmic Rays, with Arkestral accompaniment, was issued on Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD], Spaceship Lullaby; the vocal excerpt was found spliced into a sort of tape collage with other material, including a fragment of “Plutonian Nights.” When the excised portions with the lyrics are inserted into the instrumental version in two places where splices are evident, they fit just fine--so the Cosmic Rays were the vocal ensemble. John Gilmore's tenor sax is not audible anywhere in this piece.

Sun Ra did not copyright “Africa” until October 10, 1960, when he packaged it into a suite with "Interplanetary Music." As copyrighted, it had the same lyrics that the Rays sang on the uncut version. "Africa" with lyrics was performed live on just one occasion that we know of--the Arkestra's truly epic December 31, 1980 concert in Detroit, which lasted nearly 8 hours.

Sun53. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Lady with the Golden Stockings (The Nubians of Plutonia)

The trumpet player on "Watusi" is clearly not Hobart Dotson, and Lucious Randolph, Phil Cohran, and Everett Turner do not remember playing this piece. Bill Fielder did remember playing it. Tommy Hunter and Richard Wilkinson claimed that “Watusi” was written by Ronnie Boykins. Research at the Library of Congress has revealed that “Watusi” (which Sun Ra finally got around to copyrighting on May 1, 1967) was composed by André Pitts and Terri Vanne Sherrill (perhaps a dance team?), and arranged by Sun Ra. Indeed, one wonders whether the piece dates from the last months of the Club DeLisa, when a unit from the Arkestra was playing the off-nights. Sun Ra's off-night band consisted of 5 or 6 pieces.

Sort of in honor of a 1959 movie, the title was changed to “Watusa” on its first Saturn release and the piece was incorrectly attributed to Ra thereafter.

Pat Patrick (center, with baritone sax) in 1958, from The Cry of Jazz.

Sun54. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Lady with the Golden Stockings (The Nubians of Plutonia)

Lucious Randolph recalls recording "Aiethoipa" in a club with bad acoustics; “the mike was on the other end.” On the Saturn labels (but not on the jackets) this title is fragmented into “A Ie Tho Pia.”

Two versions of "Aeithopia" were considered for release on a Saturn LP in 1959. Tentatively titled Ankhaton, it was meant to follow Jazz in Silhouette. Two trial versions of one side have survived on test pressings made for Saturn by RCA Victor. On the first version, "Aeithopia" in the same performance that Saturn later released, but about 1:10 shorter because it is faded before the final chorus by the full band, is followed by a second "Aeithopia." The second test pressing replaces the first "Aeithopia" with "Star Time." The second performance of "Aiethopia" (this obviously may have come from a different rehearsal; we are putting it here for convenience) is dominated by a drum-tympani duet, which takes up the first half of the piece. There is a lengthy flute solo during the second half, but a second flute can be heard as well.

The first "Aeithopia" eventually saw release around 1966 on Saturn SR 9956-11E/F, an LP then titled The Lady with the Golden Stockings. It had a Tonal View of Times Tomorrow cover. In 1967, it was given the catalog number 406. In 1969, it was reissued with a cover by Richard Pedreguera and the title The Nubians of Plutonia. All tracks were reissued under this later title by Impulse (AS-9242) in 1974 and Evidence (22066 [CD]) in 1993. The approximate recording date was confirmed by Lucious Randolph.

As of 1958, Ra had already put together one of the premier sax sections in the business. He had reliable trumpet players in Lucious Randolph, Bill Fielder, and Everett Turner. And Nate Pryor came by to play trombone when he finished his day at the post office. At some point in the second half of 1958, Sun Ra began working with lead trumpeter and arranger Hobart Dotson, his one-time bandmate in the Dukes of Swing. Dotson brought his skills as composer and arranger as well as his prowess as a trumpet soloist into the band. The Dotson edition of the Arkestra developed its own ensemble sound. Ra also asked Dotson to take solos on numbers such as "Ancient Ethiopia" that were not originally intended as trumpet vehicles.

Hobart Dotson in the Blues at Midnight scence from The Cry of Jazz.

Hobart Dotson has to be one of the most obscure jazz musicians of all time. Born in Beloit, Wisconsin, on January 13, 1922, Dotson made his recording debut in 1945, when he appeared on four Gerald Wilson big band dates for Excelsior. He also did an AFRS Jubilee with Wilson that year, and a second Jubilee and a session for Black & White in 1946. An appearance with Wilbert Baranco on another Jubille in March 1946 put Dotson together with Charles Mingus for the first time on record. Dotson then joined the last edition of Billy Eckstine's big band, where he played alongside King Kolax. By 1948, Dotson had relocated from Los Angeles to Chicago. He was a member of the Dukes of Swing when Sonny Blount was in charge of the book, appearing on their Aristocrat session. In 1949, he cut a session with pianist Johnny Perry for Rondo; legendary tenor saxophonist E. Parker McDougal was a featured soloist on the date. Alongside a vocalist named Joe Williams and a vibist named Hal Russell, he played in Jay Burkhart's legendary bebop orchestra, a band of as many as 21 pieces that got lots of favorable ink in Down Beat but never recorded. In the early 1950s, he made several records with a big band led by alto and tenor saxophonist Danny Belloc; he also played in Horace Henderson's legendary Trianon Ballroom band in the summer of 1954, alongside Porter Kilbert and Pat Patrick. In 1956, he contributed all four compositions for a date led by Billy Butler for the short-lived Verro label; Arkestrans Charles Davis and Julian Priester joined him in the band. And in 1957 he handled the arrangements for Porter Kilbert's Ping date. One wonders whether he came to Budland with Porter Kilbert's band in August 1958 and that is how the collaboration began.

In the decade since the Dukes of Swing session, Hobart Dotson had amassed an impressive portfolio. He was a gifted composer and arranger who contributed Enlightenment to the Arkestra's repertoire. He had unsurpassed command of his instrument, playing its lowest and highest notes with absolutely no sense of strain. As a lead trumpeter, he would be sought out by leaders like Lionel Hampton, Charles Mingus, and Slide Hampton. What held Hobart back is that he could never eat up the chord changes like Freddie Hubbard or Lee Morgan. But Sunny was on his way past hard bop rhythmically; already well versed in modality and "space key," he was able to give Dotson his ideal musical environment.

Sun55. The Sun Ra

The Cry of Jazz (film)

At 27:07 in The Cry of Jazz, a brief motif from a Ra solo is repeated over and over to symbolize "the restraining elements of jazz." (What we see is Sunny playing an upright piano while other instruments lie flat on the darkened stage: alto sax, flute, tenor sax, string bass, and drums.) A faster variant of the motif comes in around 28:00 (Sunny's face is clearly visible at 28:10, for the only time during the entire movie), again played over and over as the narrator intones about repeating chord changes putting the jazz performer on a "circular seesaw." There seems to be a little drum accompaniment to the second motif, though the drum set is unoccupied during this segment of the film. The repeated motifs end at 28:44.

KHTB stood for Kennedy, Hill, Titus, and Bland. Eugene Titus, Jr., a mathematician, was the fourth partner in the production.

The schedule slipped by a few months. The Cry of Jazz finally premiered on April 3, 1959. It ran for a week, two showings a night, at the Lincoln Center (700 East Oakwood Boulevard). A single private showing followed on April 28, at the Union Nations Building in New York City. Another showing took place at the Sherman Hotel during a party for the Playboy Jazz Festival in July; still another at Gerri's Palm Tavern (446 East 47th Street) on August 23.

For an obscure, low-budget short film, The Cry got a lot of attention from the Defender--substantially more than Saturn Records could ever manage. Some of this was a function of the project's novelty. The South Side of Chicago had no tradition of independent film making, and the Defender's usual coverage of African American involvement in cinema focused almost exclusively on appearances in Hollywood movies by Dorothy Dandridge, Sidney Poitier, Eartha Kitt, and a few other nationally prominent performers.

What did audience think of Ed Bland's message that jazz was already dead, fatally roped in by the White man's harmonic structures? Were they persudaded that repeated chord sequences stood for the "futureless future" that slavery and Jim Crow had imposed on Black Americans? Or that when Black people escaped the savagery with which they had been treated and could look forward to a productive and fulfilling future, they would no longer need jazz? Whatever its intended impact, the film would eventually become a legend among Ra fans. And despite their disagreements over the possibilities in store for jazz, Ra would benefit, during his New York years, from recording opportunities that Ed Bland steered his way.

The Cry of Jazz was not a documentary about the Arkestra, though the narrator refers to the "The Sun Ra" is an innovator in jazz, and "A Call for All Demons" is presented as an example of his music. Rather, the Arkestra's function is to illustrate the stylistic evolution of jazz. Members of the band are shown on screen performing a Dixieland number (title uncertain), Swing (Bland stretched a little by choosing "Urnack" as an example), bop ("Super Blonde"), Cool (another unidentified title), and "The Sun Ra." A quintet is shown playing "Blues at Midnight" (as an illustration of improvising over chord changes), and Sunny appears at the piano thrashing the same passage over and over (to illustrate the lack of growth potential in jazz). During part of this scene the trombonist from the "Dixieland" band is also present, barely discernible in the murk. The film then shows flames about to consume slum tenements while a distorted fragment of the Dixieland music shrlls on the soundtrack. The Arkestra can be heard but not seen during another segment (playing "Demon's Lullaby") and is probably responsible for the movie's theme music as well.

The style of filming during the musical sequences--most of it dramatically dark--was chosen to obscure the fact that the same musicians were pretending to play all of the music. With the exception of John Gilmore and Ronnie Boykins during "Blues at Midnight," the musicians' entire faces are never on camera for long. Pat Patrick has already appeared as a Dixieland clarinetist, so when he takes a baritone sax solo on "Super Blonde" the audience gets to see just his fingers on the keys and his body from the chest down. (He does pop up with his baritone sax in another scene, but it is all over so quickly that casual viewers would never spot him.) Sunny is viewed from behind in every scene but one so he can't be identified as a regular participant. Because the soundtrack music was prerecorded and heavily edited, shots done on different nights with different personnel were rapidly intercut, though much of this trickeration would pass unnoticed by the audience. During most of a scene in which a quartet drawn from the Arkestra performs a Cool number (which the narrator has firmly defined as the White man's take on jazz--the same piece has already accompanied scenes of commuter trains and poodle grooming) the musicians are reduced to silhouettes. Could Sunny have drawn some inspiration from it when he decided on a title for his next Saturn LP?

Jazz in silhouette? Probably Jim Herndon, drums; John Gilmore, tenor sax; Ronnie Boykins, bass; and unidentified, trombone, during the Cool Jazz segment in The Cry of Jazz.

Well in advance of its final exit from Budland, the Arkestra had found a new home base. The Queen's Mansion was a gay bar located at 6323 South Parkway. Its immediate predecessor on the premises had been the Surf Club, a bar and restaurant usually without a live music policy. But, as its proprietors and some of its patrons surely knew, from the early 1940s to the early 1950s the address had belonged to Joe's Deluxe Club, with its celebrated revue of female impersonators. The Mansion opened in late May or early June 1958, advertising two weeks in a row in the Chicago Defender just to let potential customers know that it was there. The club's original format called for a "jazz session" every Wednesday. (The weekly format was identical to the one employed at a slightly older establishment called Club Baby Grand. We don't know whether there was any ownership or management connection between the two.) In a most unusual occurrence since Alton Abraham sorted out priorities at the Vinceness Lounge, Sun Ra was not always billed as the leader at the Mansion; sometimes Hobart Dotson's name was used instead. Once the Arkestra settled in, we presume that the number of nights per week went up, though we have no details to report. We do know from Alvin Fielder's recollections that the band remained at the Mansion through the spring of 1959. The Mansion was evidently non-Union; there is nary a reference to it in the Local 208 contract lists from 1958 and 1959.

The first Defender advertisement for the Queen's Mansion. June 7, 1958, p. 16.

Sun56. Sun Ra Arkestra

Alvin Fielder recalls extensive recording activity over several months or more while the Arkestra was playing at the Queen's Mansion. The personnel list is based on Fielder's recollections. He says that Boykins was the regular bass player, Sproles was used when Boykins was not available, and Richard Evans played “5 or 6 times” with this band. Dotson was on most of the jobs, Lucious Randolph “sometimes,” Bill Fielder and E. J. Turner “seldom.” Bo Bailey was the trombonist “most of the time” and Nate Pryor was there “some of the time”; the band hardly ever used two trombonists on a given night. A vocalist named Clyde “that used to work at the C&C Lounge” (i.e., Clyde Williams, who had been Sunny's male vocalist in 1956-1957) was with them “on a couple of occasions.” Jim Herndon does not figure in Fielder's recollections; he remained in town, but had taken up work that paid more reliably.

Sun Ra was in the habit of recording rehearsals and club dates, but most of these tapes have been long since reused, lost or discarded. Alton Abraham never confirmed or denied whether any tapes from these engagements survive.

According to Alvin Fielder, the repertoire for these engagements was primarily drawn from Jazz in Silhouette (see below) “with other tunes thrown in which might have been played only once or twice then put away.”

Early in 1959, Ra and Abraham decided that he had a band special enough to justify the expense of another studio recording. On March 6, a marathon session took place that eventually produced two LPs for Saturn, plus a cut that appeared on a third. The sessions were placed in 1958 in the past, but the exact session date is on the original tape box. The Jazz in Silhouette session was neatly bracketed between John Coltrane's semi-legendary meeting with Sun Ra, which took place in early February, and the second session for Miles Davis's Kind of Blue album, which took place in April.

William Cochran during the Blues at Midnight scene in The Cry of Jazz.

Jazz in Silhouette, Side A, from an early pressing. From the collection of Chris Trent.

Sun57. Le Sun Ra and his Arkestra / Sun Ra and his Astro Infinity Arkestra* / Sun-Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra^

Jazz in Silhouette /
Sound Sun Pleasure!!* /
Rocket Number Nine Take off for the Planet Venus (Interstellar Low Ways)^

Original cover of Jazz in Silhouette, red and black

Jazz in Silhouette was originally issued in May of 1959 on Saturn K7OP3590/K7OP3591, identified by matrix numbers only. The release was effectively announced in a blurb in the daily Chicago Defender, June 9, 1959 ("Sun Ra Discs Hit Album," p. 19), albeit by implication rather than title, as two Saturn LPs were mentioned in the piece and neither was named. Our thanks go to doo-wop discographer Robert Ferlingere for a tutorial on the mysteries of the RCA Victor matrix number system (Saturns were pressed by RCA's Chicago plant during this period). The prefix K7OP indicates a 1959 release, not late 1958 as previously stated. The actual recording date, March 6, 1959, was on the original tape box. The tape box confirms what had been previously suspected--that the tracks on Sound Sun Pleasure!! were done at the same session--but revealed two tracks that had not been suspected, the released "Interstellar Low Ways" and the earliest known, still unreleased version of "Spontaneous Simpiicity."

Jazz in Silhouette originally had a silk-screened cover, attributed to one "H. P. Corbissero," with an abstract design and the title (variants can be seen in Geerken and Hefele's Omniverse Sun Ra, and in Pathways to Unknown Worlds, p. 46). Copies are known in pinkish red and black and in golden brown and black. John Corbett has suggested that the silk-screen design was done by Ra himself.

Jazz in Silhouette, Side B, from an early pressing. From the collection of Chris Trent.

In the early 1960s, the album was given the serial number LP 5786 and provided with a sci-fi cover, by one Evans, of half-naked women teleporting themselves over one of the moons of Saturn. (Compare the cover of Esquivel's “Other Voices, Other Worlds,” released on RCA Victor in 1958.)

The original Side A (matrix K7OP3590) consisted of “Hours After” through “Blues at Midnight” and Side B (matrix K7OP3591) of “Enlightenment” through “Ancient Aeithopia”; on all later issues, the sides are reversed. In 1967, this LP was given the catalog number 205. All tracks were reissued in 1974 on Impulse ASD 9265 (though Impulse faded the theme statement at the end of “Blues at Midnight”) and in 1992 on Evidence 22012 [CD]. Although the session was recorded in stereo, all issues except the Evidence CD are in mono! “Enlightenment” also appeared in 1970 on Saturn SR 512, Sound Sun Pleasure!! in a different stereo mix of the same take (thanks to Mike Fitzgerald for discovering this) and was reissued in that form in 1992 on Evidence 22014 [CD]. “Enlightenment,” in the mix that was included on Jazz in Silhouette, was also reissued in a 1997 Sun Ra CD sampler on Japanese Paddle Wheel KICJ 315, Sun Ra Came Down to the Earth, and on Evidence 22219, Greatest Hits: Easy Listening for Intergalactic Travel, in September 2000.

The 1961 Saturn press release mentions “Saturn” and “Velvet” as appearing on singles. It is possible that those two titles from this session were also released as a single; in fact, the version of “Saturn” from this album was included in a set of master tapes of singles by Alton Abraham. No pressing of such a single has been located, however. And a single with a different version of "Velvet" (for instance, the October 1956 recording) is also possible.

Nate Pryor (who was supposed to be on this session but arrived too late) recalls that the studio was located off the Outer Drive, somewhere near Grand Avenue. Alton Abraham said that RCA Victor Studios and a studio with that he called “Balladine” (i.e., Balkan) were used for Saturn sessions. Bill Fielder says that Bo Bailey was on this session, not Julian Priester as stated on the Impulse issue. The incorrect listing could have come about because Bo Bailey “wasn't straight with the Union,” as Nate Pryor says. In fact, the original Defender blurb proclaimed that "Twelve [sic] musicans are featured on these most progressive jazz recordings," then proceeded to list the correct personnel for this session... except that Nate Pryor was said to be playing trombone.

Our thanks to Allan Chase for recognizing the role of the mouthpieces in “Ancient Aeithopia.” The wordless vocal during this same piece includes John Gilmore and Ronnie Boykins but the most prominent voice belongs to another Arkestra member. Allan Chase's master's thesis should be consulted for a more detailed analysis of the scoring on each piece from this session (except "Interstellar Low Ways" and "Spontaneous Simplicity," which weren't known to be from the same session till more recently).

Sun Ra copyrighted “Images (A Suite Potential) ” on April 7, 1959; this included his other originals from the session. "Enlightment: A Suite of Sounds in Two Movements" was copyrighted by Hobart Dotson and Sun Ra on the same day. As copyrighted, it consisted of “Enlightment” (Sun Ra's intended spelling) and “You Never Told Me that You Care.” Both had music by Hobart Dotson and words by Sun Ra; Dotson seems to have been the copyist (James Wolf). According to Lucious Randolph, “You Never Told Me that You Care” was wholly written and arranged by Hobart Dotson. "Enlightment" as copyrighted has somewhat different lyrics from those that the Arkestra performed and recorded from the 1960s onward; "You Never Told Me" was never recorded with words.

Alton Abraham said that “'Round Midnight” and “Back in Your Own Backyard” were initially released on a Saturn single; no copies have been located so far.

The B-side label from the first pressing of Saturn SR 512. From the collection of Chris Trent.

Otherwise, the standards from this session were held back from release until they appeared on the Sound Sun Pleasure!! LP (Saturn SR 512) in 1970. All tracks from that LP were reissued in 1992 on Evidence 22014 [CD]. “Back in Your Own Backyard” was also reissued in 1983 on the Saturn anthology LP, Just Friends (Saturn XI). “'Round Midnight” is included in the 1997 Japanese Sun Ra CD sampler, Sun Ra Came Down to the Earth, on Paddle Wheel KICJ 315, and on Evidence 22219, Greatest Hits: Easy Listening for Intergalactic Travel, in September 2000.

The personnel list for Sound Sun Pleasure!! was a ball of confusion: 15 performers were listed on the back liner. Some were really on the session; others were nowhere near it, but were active in the Arkestra during the late 1960s. Among those who actually participated, we may count Ra, Gilmore, Patrick, Allen, Dotson, Spaulding, Charles Davis, and Hattye Randolph (as her name is consistently spelled on Saturn LPs). Danny Thompson, Nimrod Hunt, Akh Tal Ebah, Bob Northern, Danny Davis, and Clifford Jarvis did not join the Arkestra till after Sun Ra moved to New York.

“Interstellar Low Ways” was released in 1966 or 1967 on Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Rocket Number Nine Take off for the Planet Venus. Plans were made to use a cover by Claude Dangerfield that featured a Sun Ra logo with a burning candle sticking out of it; the cover art was preserved among Alton Abraham's holdings, and shown in the Saturn catalogue from that year, but no LPs with that cover have been found. In 1967, this LP was given the catalog number 203; in 1969 it appeared as Interstellar Low Ways with a red and white cover, also by Claude Dangerfield, that featured musical golems and lots of volcanic activity. (Whether there was an earlier release under the “Rocket” title with the same red and white cover remains to be resolved.) All tracks from the album reissued in 1992 on Evidence 22039 [CD]. William Cochran is listed as a drummer on the later Saturn issue, and is not known to be on any of the other tracks that were released on it.

Pat Patrick was credited on the Saturn jacket with playing flute on "Interstellar Low Ways." Although Pat was on the session, so was James Spaulding, and he is much more likely to have drawn the second flute assignment while he was in the Arkestra. The chimes attributed to Sun Ra and the bells and claves credited to Pat Patrick on the Saturn jacket were probably played by other Arkestra members.

Two more tracks were listed on the tape box from this session: "Spontaneous Simplicity" and "Ankhaton" [sic]. "Spontaneous Simplicity" was a short piece featuring Ra's Wurlitzer electric piano (not otherwise employed on the session) and Marshall Allen's flute, along Ronnie Boykins' bass and lots of percussion. "Ankhaton" (the title would later be adjusted "Ankhnaton") included solos by Marshall Allen on flute, Charles Davis on baritone sax, James Spaulding on alto sax, John Gilmore on tenor sax, Hobart Dotson on trumpet, Ronnie Boykins on bass, Bo Bailey on trombone, and Sunny on piano. "Ankhaton" may have been left off Jazz in Silhouette because the string of solos format was already employed on "Blues at Midnight."

Both tracks were considered for inclusion in another Saturn LP, tentatively titled "Ankhaton," that was intended to follow Jazz in Silhouette. Two test pressings made by RCA Victor have turned up. These were made in 1959 and appear to be two different versions of one LP side. On both K8OP-2864-1 and 2864-2, "Ankhaton" and "Spontaneous Simplicity" are the first two tracks; the pressings differ in their choice of the next 3 tracks, all of which derived from rehearsal sessions later used on The Nubians of Plutonia.

It is to be hoped that master tapes can be found for "Ankhaton" and "Spontaneous Simplicity," as the test pressings have not been treated well over the years and are barely playable.

Jazz in Silhouette carefully balances the old and the new. Let's start with the number that originally opened the album. Hours After was actually written by Everett Turner, and there's an earlier recording of it with Turner taking the trumpet solo; all Ra contributed was the more decorous title (Turner called it Stinkin'), and some words that are not on any known recording. It's often considered to be a soul-funk number a la Horace Silver.

Horace Silver, huh? Try Erskine Hawkins. The album went on to include a Blues at Midnight, the Dameronian Images, another Saturn, and Sun Ra's take on hard bop shows up again in numbers like Velvet.

But Sunny was incorporating more and more of Africa into the band's playing. Ancient Ethiopia was an Afrocentric point of reference for Sunny; he wrote a processional to commemorate it, normally a 4 or 5-minute piece performed with lots of percussion and maybe a flute solo. On this occasion Jim Herndon wasn't available, and the percussion couldn't be quite as heavy as usual. No matter. He had special plans on this occasion.

Ra dreamed of rebuilding his brass section around Dotson and trombonist Bo Bailey, but it wasn't to be. For one thing, Dotson was an addict; he had given up the needle but swallowed down cough syrup every day. Band members helped hide his consumption from the leader, but this couldn't have gone on forever. (Ra was a rather abstemious sort. Some believe he took a vow of celibacy when he became Sun Ra. In any case he disapproved of drink, beyond an occasional glass of wine with dinner, and regularly lectured his band members against using drugs.)

Besides, Sunny's priority was for the band to get work, whether it paid well or not. Throughout its history, the Arkestra had plenty of gigs but the musicians were always broke (there was one exception -- in the early New York years, there were no gigs either). Except for Marshall Allen, all of the musicians took outside work, and for Dotson, the lure of a road trip with B. B. King was too great. B. B. King played Roberts Show Lounge during the first half of June 1959. So no sooner was Jazz in Silhouette released than its trumpet soloist found a new band.

Dotson moved to New York, where he recorded with Charles Mingus in 1960, was a regular member of Slide Hampton's band from 1960 through 1962, and made two more sessions with Mingus in 1965. His bread-and-butter gig for the next several years was in Lionel Hampton's band, but he did not appear on any known recording sessisons with Hamp. Hobart Dotson died in Brooklyn, New York, on January 1, 1971, at the age of 48. As for Jazz in Silhouette, it didn't get one single review in the jazz press. Its importance wasn't understood until it was reissued by Impulse 15 years later.

Sun58. Sun Ra and his Astro Infinity Arkestra

The Singles

One of Ra's most striking compositions from the Chicago period, "October" was recorded at a rehearsal. It was first issued around 1968 on Saturn 874, a 45 rpm single. It was reissued on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [2 CDs], in September 1996. The label (white print on black) refers to Inhfinity Incorporated, which wasn't launched until 1967.

"October" features a fairly ordinary ballad lead, played on the trumpet, over a three-note figure consisting of the lowest notes of the tenor sax, baritone sax, and trombone. The arrangement alternates the pedal tones with lush harmonies for the three horns. Phil Cohran says he is not on this recording; his first guess is Walter Strickland. Nate Pryor doesn't remember making anything like this; he says that Ra would use Bo Bailey or Eddie King when he wasn't available. There is no alto sax in the ensemble; during the lushly scored passages that contrast with the pedal tones, John Gilmore plays in his upper register.

Sunny and Alton hoped that Jazz in Silhouette would make the Arkestra famous. Instead, it became the great unknown jazz LP. And no sooner did Sunny release the album than the band that made it fell apart. Losing Hobart Dotson was just the beginning. Hattie Randolph moved to Canada, and the sax section thinned out. By the time the album was released, Charles Davis had permanently resettled in New York.

The C&C Lounge could never figure out who played what on Thursday nights. Marshall Thompson, the leader, was a drummer. John Thompson played tenor sax; Ronald Wilson played tenor and baritone saxes and flute; and Pat Patrick played alto and baritone saxes, clarinet, and flute. John Glover was probably the pianist. From the Chicago Defender, December 19, 1959, p. 17.

More unsettlingly for Sunny, Pat Patrick was getting restless. On June 4, he posted a contract with Gerri's Palm Tavern, for two weeks with options. At this point in its life cycle, the Palm Tavern wasn't programming much live music, and it's doubtful that the options were exercised. One wonders whether Pat helped to talk the owner into screening The Cry of Jazz. Then in mid-October, Patrick landed a spot in a group led by drummer Marshall Thompson that played every Thursday night for two months at the New C&C Club & Lounge (6513 Cottage Grove; Thompson's contract was belatedly filed on November 19). Just before Christmas, as Thompson's enagement wound down, James Moody finished two weeks at the Sutherland Hotel Lounge. Patrick joined Moody's band and hit the road for New York City.

Meanwhile, James Spaulding was picking up studio work for Chess and Vee-Jay, where arrangers like Riley Hampton needed flute players. On December 3, 1959, he filed an indefinite contract with a Near North Side club called the French Poodle. He next moved to the Lake Meadows Restaurant (contract for 2 weeks and 3 days filed on December 17). Spaulding would continue to work in the clubs for at least another year, returning to the French Poodle in September and December 1960. The next year, he went back home to Naptown. When he relocated again, it would be to New York City.

Lucious Randolph had not left the band, but he was becoming less available as he picked up more work with other leaders--for instance, with Andrew Hill's band on weekends at Roberts Show Lounge (as we learn from the Local 208 Board meeting minutes of May 21, 1959). Eventually he would take a day job at the post office. Everett Turner left town, and Bill Fielder would soon be making his own move to New York, where he and Pat Patrick shared a hotel room for a time. Bugs Cochran was busy playing for other leaders, and Robert Barry was seldom available. Sunny was perilously close to what he'd never much cared for: a combo.

Those who saw the band perform in the 1970s and 1980s have a standard image of an Arkestra performance. The glittering (though inexpensive) costumes worn by the musicians. Sunny's grand entrance. His otherworldly electronic keyboards. His sermons to benighted Earthlings. The Fletcher Henderson numbers, complete with repertory solos. A blues feature for Sunny's piano. At least one outside number with falsetto tenor sax, frenetic alto, berserk bass clarinet. Dancers. Maybe a light show. And those ditties about outer space.

If we could go back and witness a concert in Chicago (the best we can do is catch a few snippets in The Cry of Jazz), we would find some parts familiar, other parts less so. The lineup then was mostly Ra compositions, plus a few standards, heavily reharmonized. No screeching or low rumbles from the saxes -- they didn't acquire those techniques till after they moved to New York.

There were no Fletcher Henderson charts. With his usual perversity, Sunny waited until 1966 to make transcriptions for the Arkestra. His motivation was outrage at looking in a store window and seeing a new boxed LP set of Fletcher titled A Study in Frustration. So he began to sneak in King Porter Stomp or Limehouse Blues after a twenty minute free improvisation! The Henderson scores didn't become nightly staples till the mid-1970s. There were plenty of blues in the 1950s, but these were cool and bop-oriented as a rule. The rolling Chicago blues feature didn't enter the Arkestra's repertoire till 1977. Electronics were in their infancy -- Sunny had his Wurlitzer electric piano and, once in a while, an organ, but no really strange sounds and no heavy amplification.

Probably the first thing you'd notice was Sunny's lack of stage presence. The 1955 photos from the Parkway Ballroom show him in his customary position -- seated in the back of the Arkestra. (On smaller stages he would sit at front left or front right.) Sunny was writing poetry and pamphlets in those days, and the Sun Ra philosophy was already well developed. John Gilmore and Marshall Allen would even hand out Sunny's newsletters on street corners, though interviews indicate that most of the Arkestra musicians were nonbelievers. But Sunny didn't sing or preach to his paying audience until 1970. In fact, he didn't say much to the audience at all. His barely audible call of Sound of Joy and a couple of very quiet tune announcements for alternate takes from the session for Jazz by Sun Ra are the only recordings of his voice on Chicago-period items intended for release.

Costumes, on the other hand, were already in evidence. In The Cry of Jazz, band members are seen wearing dark suits in some scenes and white suits in others, but the filmmakers wouldn't have wanted Dixieland and Swing numbers performed by Arkestrans in tunics and sequined headdresses. Glitzier garb soon became the norm. According to Marshall Allen, Sunny on one occasion obtained outfits that a local opera company had discarded after performing William Tell. No doubt these were the inspiration for the space-age Robin Hood uniforms the band sometimes wore in later years. Art Hoyle remembers "loud green and orange concerns" in 1956. By 1960, Arkestra members were sporting purple blazers, white gloves, and beanies with propellers on top that lit up. And they would release wind-up toy robots into the audience. There were no dancers yet, but the musicians were supposed to jump up and down on designated numbers.

Sunny had been talking about outer space for a while, but in the early days his vocal numbers were meant to be performed by the cabaret-style singers who worked Chicago nightclubs, or by doo-wop groups. The space chant, a simple ditty that could be sung by band members (and the audience, if so inclined) didn't appear till 1960. Once he started writing them they stayed in the band's repertoire for years: Interplanetary Music, We Travel the Spaceways, Rocket Number Nine Take for the Planet Venus.

From his previous Arkestras, Sunny could call on John Gilmore, Marshall Allen, and Ronnie Boykins. Nate Pryor was still a part-time trombonist. New trumpeters and drummers were badly needed. But the leaner 1960 lineup had its compensations. John Gilmore was no longer a bebopper; he had new things to say on the tenor sax, and his clarinet was available to lighten the texture when required. Marshall Allen had grown steadily under Ra's guidance. Ronnie Boykins already had full command of the ostinato and the bow. Sunny had the good fortune to recruit Phil Cohran (1927-), already an experienced bop trumpeter and a student of Irish and African music. A well schooled master of rims and mallets, Jon Hardy, became the chief occupant of the drum chair. Sun Ra always liked to say his music was about "precision and discipline," even on nights when the ensembles were ragged, the percussion verged on indeterminate, and the band was deliberately playing flat. The 1960 Arkestra exhibited precision and discipline as the rest of us would understand these terms.

Meanwhile John Gilmore had taken on an odd assignment as leader at the Kitty Kat Club, which had hired nothing but piano trios for years. What kind of band he led we don't know, because the Kitty Kat was in a slump and had quit buying ads in the Defender. We do know that while John's contract (posted on January 7) was of the indefinite variety, on January 21 the club posted a 6-week contract with pianist John Young, who had already played there many times. The Kitty Kat's fortunes would revive later that year when the movie version of A Raisin in the Sun was released and the club could boast that scenes had been filmed there.

According to the Defender for March 12, 1960 (p. 12), John Gilmore was at an establishment called the Hickory Pit, where Jo Jo Adams was putting on his last Jo Jo show, and the up and coming saxophonist was performing in Baby Face Willette's organ trio with Clover English on drums. The Pit was clearly a non-Union establishment; no contracts sppeared on the Local 208 list. There were no further mentions of the Jo Jo show in the Defender, so the gig probably didn't last long.

The Arkestra's fortunes would revive as Alton Abraham bankrolled a major recording session in June, and the band settled into its first really steady gig since the Queen's Mansion days, at the Wonder Inn. As will become clear below, we are not sure which of these breaks came first.

Sun59. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

We Travel the Spaceways

"Interplanetary Music" was copyrighted on October 10, 1960, as part of a suite that also included "Africa" and "We Travel the Spaceways." Phil Cohran's violin-uke was misidentified on the Saturn jacket as a “space harp” (one of several "space harps" was Cohran's amplified thumb piano; Cohran called it a Frankiphone). This track was first issued on the LP We Travel the Spaceways (Saturn HK 5445) in 1967; it was given the catalog number 409 and may also have circulated as Saturn ESR 5445. All tracks from this album reissued on Evidence 22038 [CD] in 1992.

An early pressing of Angels and Demons at Play, Side A. From the collection of Chris Trent. Note the incorrect composer credits for "Tiny Pyramids" and the title track.

Sun60. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Angels and Demons at Play

All tracks with Phil Cohran's violin-uke must date from 1960 or 1961; he purchased the instrument on January 22, 1960. Cohran identified Hardy as the drummer on this track. The track was first issued in 1965 on side A of Saturn SR 9956-2-O/P, Angels and Demons at Play. In 1967 this LP was given the catalog number 407. All titles from the LP were reissued on Impulse AS 9245 in 1974 and on Evidence 22066 [CD] in 1993.

Sun61. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

We Travel the Spaceways

Phil Cohran confirms his presence here and says the piece was written for him. Pat Patrick was in New York in 1960; Cohran says that the full sound indicates that Ronald Wilson is probably present on baritone sax, and that Jon Hardy was the drummer. A similar arrangement of “Tapestry” was recorded during the “Majestic Hall” session, with Wilson on baritone and Gene Easton added on alto sax.

"Tapestry from an Asteroid" was not copyrighted until November 14, 1961, after the Arkestra laid down another version on its first New York studio session.

This track was first issued on the LP We Travel the Spaceways (Saturn HK 5445) in 1967; it was given the catalog number 409 iand may also have circulated as Saturn ESR 5445. All tracks from this album reissued on Evidence 22038 [CD] in 1992.

Sun62. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Angels and Demons at Play

The trombonist is definitely not Nate Pryor; Ra used Bo Bailey or Eddie King when Pryor wasn't available. Ra also used John Avant on rare occasions, though it is not known if he was still doing so at this time. Dick Griffin has said that he played with Sun Ra in 1961, but this track may be too early for him. It was first issued in 1965 on side A of Saturn SR 9956-2-O/P, Angels and Demons at Play. In 1967 this LP was given the catalog number 407. All titles from were reissued on Impulse AS 9245 in 1974 and on Evidence 22066 [CD] in 1993.

Sun63. The Qualities

Satur M08W4052/M08W4053 was a 45 rpm single, produced by Alton Abraham and Sun Ra. It was released in 1961, according to the matrix numbers attached to the master at the RCA Victor pressing plant (M was the RCA Victor code for 1961, just as L was the code for 1960, etc.) According to Glenn Jones, it had a yellow label, with “Satur” in red script down the left side. This is no typo; the “Satur” logo appears on both sides of the single, along with “Satur Records presents the Qualities” across the top.

Jerry Gordon confirms that it was mastered at RCA Studios in Chicago; the tape box reads “Happy New Year to Year.” “It's Christmas Time” is announced as take 2 on the master tape; other takes do not seem to survive. Alton Abraham stated that this single was made a year or so later than the Cosmic Rays recordings; this would imply that it was recorded in 1960. Because of the ad hoc instrumentation, John Gilmore believed that it was a group rehearsal held separately from the Arkestra rehearsals. Both tracks were reissued in September 1996, on the 2-CD set (Evidence 22164) called The Singles.

Sun64. Sun Ra and His Arkestra

Music from Tomorrow's World: Chicago 1960

A tape made at Majestic Hall was released in 2002 in the Unknown Music Series, Music from Tomorrow's World: Chicago 1960, Atavistic ALP237. The material was most likely not issued on Saturn because the recording is clouded by distortion.

Just where was it recorded? John Corbett, the producer of Music from Tomorrow's World, was unable to identify any theater or auditorium by that name in Chicago during the period. There had been a Majestic Lounge at 4710 Indiana Avenue back in 1954 (revived in 1957), but this wouldn't have been a big enough room. Among Alton Abraham's papers were invoices for payments to Sun Ra (at Union scale for a leader) and others in the band (at Union sideman rates), all pertaining to a session at the Elks Hall in Milwaukee, June 10, 1960. However,if Saturn treated the Majestic Hall outing as a formal recording session, one wonders why the tape ran out 28 seconds into “Interstellar Lo-Ways,” something much more likely to happen at a rehearsal or during a concert. Also, some of the themes (e.g., “Ankhnaton,” “Tapestry from an Asteroid”) are played only at the end of the piece, as would often happen during the Arkestra's live concerts in the 1960s, but not during the Arkestra's studio sessions of the Chicago period.

What's more, the former Club DeLisa was too big for any entertainment enterprise to want to buy it and open a new club on the premises. During 1960 and 1961, the ex-DeLisa was rented out for social events at $125 a night ($150 on weekends). The heaviest user was an organization called the Majestic Club. A Defender ad on January 21, 1961 promoted one of these events: "At the Former Club DeLisa | House party | Sponsored by the Majestic Social Club, Inc."

In the end, it's another Defender item that tells the tale. In an April 30, 1960 roundup of social club dances, the Defender mentions one by the After Hour Boys, to take place on May 28 at... Majestic Hall, 1316 East 47th Street. The occasion could have been a rehearsal or an actual (lightly attended) concert in the venue.

Ronald Wilson's participation in the session is documented, and he gets enough solo space to amply confirm his involvement. Gene Easton (1927-1998), who came to Chicago in the early 1950s with Tommy Dean's band out of Saint Louis worked with Ra for only a brief time. Later on, he would start and long and productive collaboration with Phil Cohran.

“Majestic 1” is attributed to Hobart Dotson on the Atavistic release, but it is obviously the same piece as the unissued, unidentified ballad on the July 12, 1956 session for Transition, done long before Dotson got involved with the Arkestra. According to Michael Anderson, the correct title for the ballad is "Delilah." In 1956, Gilmore played the lead on tenor sax, while in this rendition Wilson states the melody on baritone. The true titles of Majestics 2, 3, and 4 remain unknown.

The studio session arrived just in time. Sunny's band book was bursting; the result was a marathon that lasted all day and produced between thirty and forty titles. No fewer than 22 were released. The stylistic range covered in this one outing is incredible: perky recastings of But Not for Me and (believe it or not) Holiday for Strings, a feature for John on Body and Soul, a snappy Big City Blues, lush ballads like Lights on a Satellite, mysterioso numbers like The Others in Their World, Orientalia with titles like Tiny Pyramids, and what would now be called World Music: Angels and Demons at Play, featuring Sunny's home-made lyre, the first of several instruments that he dubbed a "space harp." It would take a decade to release the 22 tracks.

A 1970s pressing of Interstellar Low Ways, from the collection of Chris Trent

The first pressing of Fate in a Pleasant Mood, from the collection of Robert L. Campbell

Sun65. Sun Ra and his Myth-Science Arkestra

Fate in a Pleasant Mood /
Holiday for Soul Dance /
Angels and Demons at Play /
We Travel the Spaceways /
Rocket Number Nine Take off for the Planet Venus (Interstellar Low Ways) /
The Singles

According to Phil Cohran, this session was an all-day marathon at which 30 to 40 tunes were recorded. All tracks were identified by Cohran as coming from this session, or have a similar ambiance to those he identified. Cohran places this session at Hall Recording Company (but see below). Cohran has said that he copyrighted “Dorothy's Dance” “within a week” after the session; “Dorothy's Dance” was registered on June 24, 1960. Ronnie Boykins then copyrighted "Tiny Pyramids" on June 27. Sun Ra followed Cohran and Boykins to the Library of Congress with a suite (titled "Space Loneliness, A Sound Concerto," it collected 8 different themes, including “Space Loneliness,” “Fate in a Pleasant Mood,” “Lights on a Satellite,” and “State Street”) on July 8, and “The Blue Set” on July 21 (James Wolf). "Fate" as copyrighted had no lyrics, although Sunny would often sing or sermonize over this tune in later years.

“Angels and Demons” includes Sunny's home-made space harp (a type of lyre), not Cohran's instrument. Sunny's space harp (the first of several instruments to be given that name) was kept by Alton Abraham and during late 2006 and early 2007 was on display at the Hyde Park Art Center in Chicago. The tune became a bone of contention. It was copyrighted on May 1, 1967, as by Boykins, Allen, and Ra, with words by Sun Ra (no recording with lyrics is known); then for a second time on December 29, 1976, as an instrumental by Ronald Boykins and Marshall Allen.

Alton Abraham said that the studio at Hall Recording Co. was too small for the Arkestra, and that he normally used it for mastering only. This was the smallest Arkestra to make a studio recording during the Chicago period... However, Abraham's suggestion that the session was done at RCA Studios does seem more plausible. The actual recording order is unknown, except that “Velvet” was the last track of the day. Personnel courtesy of Phil Cohran; the drummer, Jon Hardy, was not mentioned on any of the Saturn record jackets, though his name appears in the 1966 catalog in connection with We Travel the Spaceways.

Further confirmation of the common origin of many of these tracks is provided by a Saturn test pressing found in a Montréal record store by François Lamarche. The test pressing was made at Sheldon Recording Studios (aka the Chess studios in Chicago) and titled simply, Music of the Future by Sun Ra Arkestra. Side A contained “Space Mates,” “But Not for Me,” and “The Others in There [sic] World.” Side B had “Lights on the [sic] Satellite,” “Day by Day,” “Ankhnaton,” and “Holiday for Strings.” The pressing contains Alton Abraham's home address at 4115 South Drexel and gives a Montréal address and phone number for Sun Ra. It was therefore cut in August or September 1961. However, the Arkestra's relocation to New York disrupted the plan. Saturn did not actually issue any LPs from this session till 1965, and when they began to appear, the tracks had been redistributed.

Fasten your seat belts. Items from this date were issued on 2 Saturn singles and 5 different LPs.

Saturn LP 9956-2-A/B, Fate in a Pleasant Mood, was released in 1965. During the initial pressing run the LPs had gold labels with red print. In 1967 the album was given the catalog number 202. The spine of the Saturn LP, but not the front or back cover, rendered its title as “Faith in a Pleasant Mood” (the spine also said "Saturn Vol. 2" without indicating what Volume 1 was, and gave the number as 9956-2-B). The back cover, but not the label, identified the last title on Side B as “Ankhnation.” The personnel list credited Eddy Skinner with the drumming instead of Jon L. Hardy. All tracks were reissued in 1974 on Impulse AS 9270 and in 1993 on Evidence 22068 [CD].

Saturn ESR 508, Holiday for Soul Dance, was released in 1970, credited to “Sun Ra and his Intergalactic Arkestra.” The album was reissued on Evidence 22011 [CD] in 1992.

Saturn LP 9956-2-O/P, Angels and Demons at Play, was released in 1965 and given the catalog number 407 in 1967; these two tracks appeared on Side A. All tracks from this album were reissued on Impulse AS 9245 in 1974 and on Evidence 22066 [CD] in 1993.

Saturn LO8W-0114/0115 was a 45-rpm single by Sun Ra and his Arkestra, released in 1960, as the L prefix signifies. On it the band is simply designated as "Sun Ra & His Arkestra." A copy is in the collection of the late Otto Flückiger, and the description of these two sides in his pioneering discography was the only semi-reliable one for many years. Phil Cohran believes that “Space Loneliness” was a new composition in 1960 and recalls a visit to a radio station where the tune was played (off the single). In fact, Sun Ra published “State Street” as part of a “Space Loneliness” suite.

“Space Loneliness” (LO8W-0114) was reissued around 1966 on Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Rocket Number Nine Take off for the Planet Venus. In 1967, this LP was given the catalog number 203; by 1967, it was reissued as Interstellar Low Ways (both titles are reported in Julian Vein's discography of November 1967). Three more tracks from this session were initially issued on Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N (misrendered 9952-2-M/N on some Saturn labels). All tracks from this album reissued in 1992 on Evidence 22039 [CD]. “State Street” never appeared on any Saturn album, but it was reissued in September 1996 as part of The Singles on Evidence 22164 [CD].

Saturn SA-1001 was a 45-rpm single, credited to “Sun Ra and his Arkestra.” It had a black Saturn logo in block letters on gold, according to Glenn Jones. “The Blue Set” (matrix LO9W0541) was Side A; “Big City Blues” (LO9W0542) was Side B. According to Phil Cohran, who confirms the listed personnel, it was recorded in 1960 and “released while we were performing.” Because the matrix numbers come a littler later in the RCA Victor series, we may infer that it was released after "Space Loneliiness" b/w "State Street." Although Cohran doesn't recall this, the sonics suggest that both sides were made at the same studio session as the other items, and consequently they are listed here. Side A of the single was mislisted in Flückiger and all subsequent discographies as “The Blues Set.” Both tracks from this single were reissued on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [CD], in September 1996.

Saturn HK 5445, We Travel the Spaceways, was issued with the catalog number 409 in 1967 and may also have circulated as Saturn ESR 5445. All tracks from this album reissued on Evidence 22038 [CD] in 1992.

“I Loves You, Porgy,” “Rocket Number Nine,” and “Velvet” are included in a 1997 CD sampler, Sun Ra Came Down to the Earth, on Japanese Paddle Wheel KICJ 315, and on Evidence 22219, Greatest Hits: Easy Listening for Intergalactic Travel, released in September 2000.

Space Loneliness bumps and grinds like a Calumet City special at a brighter tempo, but has the right world-weariness in its original version. Phil Cohran remembers, "When we played it on the radio in 1960 a woman called up the station. She said, 'It sounds like something that crawled up from beneath the earth and died when it reached the sunlight.'"

"Rocket Number Nine" points toward the music that the Arkestra would be playing on the lower East Side of New York City. The tenor sax solo isn't the work of John Coltrane in 1962, but of John Gilmore in 1960. And not even Ornette Coleman's bassists were playing like Ronnie Boykins at this date.

Personnel list from the back liner of the Fate in a Pleasant Mood album. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell.

Sun66. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Fate in a Pleasant Mood

This piece was released in 1965 on Saturn LP 9956-2/A/B, Fate in a Pleasant Mood, which was given the catalog number 202 in 1967. All tracks from the LP were reissued on Impulse 9270 in 1974 and Evidence 22068 in 1993.

Lucious Randolph is credited on the Impulse reissue, but Phil Cohran is credited on the back of the original Saturn LP and mentioned in the 1967 catalog. Randolph has a vivid recollection of recording this piece in a club and being disappointed with the playback, and the less than ideal balance given his muted trumpet is consistent with his story. However, Cohran recalls making this track at the marathon session listed above, and it is possible that that version was released instead. Randolph also recalls recording “The Others in Their World,” “Fate in a Pleasant Mood,” and “Lights on a Satellite” around this time, with similar personnel.

Because Lucious Randolph was on his way out of the band and Phil Cohran was not always available, Ra began training a young trumpet player named George Hudson. He also used Walter Strickland on trumpet—and kept making recordings at rehearsals (or, in at least one case, on a club gig in front of a live audience).

Sun67. Sun Ra and his Intergalactic Arkestra

Holiday for Soul Dance

Ricky Murray does not remember the June studio session (which, so far as we know, contained no vocal numbers) and suggests that this track was made at the Wonder Inn, 75th and Cottage Grove.

The Arkestra's Wonder Inn engagement has justly become legendary. But uncertainty remains as to when it began, because the club purchased advertisements so sporadically. The Wonder Inn opened in January 1959. Once it had announced its existence, it promptly quit running ads in the Defender till October 24, when Danny Overbea and the Northern Jazz Quartette were featured. On January 16, 1960, when the Inn next sprang for another Defender ad, it was still Overbea and the Northern Jazz Quartette; indeed, the latter act was around in March, when a couple more ads appeared, and was still being featured at the Inn in July. The first ad placing Sunny at the Wonder Inn was accompanied by a brief item in the Chicago Defender about “a special added attraction” at for July 30, 1960: Sun Ra and his “recording band.” The next week, Sunny was mentioned again, but only in connection with the Wednesday night session, which he had probably been presiding over for a good while.

The reminiscences that various musicians have provided about the Wonder Inn obviously pertain to more than a Wednesday night session. At some point, the Arkestra was regularly booked on the weekends, becoming the club's top attraction. This appears to have happened in the fall. The Arkestra probably remained there into the early months of 1961; during much of this period Jack DeJohnette, piano and drums, and Scotty Holt, bass, were the intermission act. We lack other documentary information; the advertising budget was minuscule, and because the Wonder Inn was non-Union, no contracts were posted with Local 208.

When "Early Autumn" was done, neither Phil Cohran nor George Hudson was apparently available, as the piece was recorded without a trumpet player.

“Early Autumn” was initially released in 1970 on Saturn ESR 508, Holiday for Soul Dance, and reissued in 1992 on Evidence 22011 [CD]. ThoughMurray is listed as the vocalist, and the solo credits are correct, the personnel listing on the Saturn jacket is otherwise completely wrong, giving a 14-piece ensemble from around 1969!

Recently a live tape of part of a set at the Wonder inn has resurfaced. "Early Autumn" was not on it. There is plenty of noise from enthusiastic patrons, which may have discouraged Saturn from releasing any of the tracks. All the same, the band was reasonably well recorded and the performances are first-rate.

Sun68. Sun Ra and His Arkestra

Music from Tomorrow's World: Chicago 1960

This tape was released on CD in 2002 in the Unknown Music Series, Music from Tomorrow's World: Chicago 1960, Atavistic ALP237. Phil Cohran identified the trumpeter as George Hudson, who can also be seen in a photo taken during a performance at the Inn. It is not clear who is playing the second flute on “Spontaneous Simplicity”; there is no trumpet on the piece, but we have never heard that George Hudson doubled on flute either.

A 1970s pressing of Interstellar Low Ways, from the collection of Chris Trent

Sun69. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

Fate in a Pleasant Mood /
Interstellar Low Ways /
We Travel the Spaceways

George Hudson began working with Sun Ra in late 1960 and remained with the Arkestra until Sun Ra left Chicago. His style is immediately recognizable on the first three tracks and Phil Cohran identified him on “We Travel” (which was attributed to Cohran on the Saturn jacket). The bizarre whirring and quacking heard at the end of “We Travel the Spaceways” comes from a toy robot with flashing lights; John Gilmore told John Corbett that around this time the Arkestra would release the “robots” into the audience during their performances. The band also used mechanical “flying saucers” as props. Edward Skinner (who later changed his name to Luqman Ali) was incorrectly credited as the drummer in Jon Hardy's place on a number of Saturn issues. It is known, however, that he and Hudson often worked together and it is possible that Skinner is on “Distant Stars” or “Onward.”

Most likely these sides were made at the Wonder Inn, where the Arkestra was in residence for several months. "We Travel the Spaceways" has a similar ambience to the tracks from the Wonder Inn set that was recently released on Atavistic, including some audience noise (though not nearly as much as can be heard on some of the Atavistic tracks).

More information about the date of these sessions comes from James Wolf's research at the Library of Congress. Sun Ra copyrighted a suite including “Interplanetary Music,” “Rocket Number Nine,” and “We Travel the Spaceways” on October 10, 1960. Of course, the suite also included "The Satellites Are Spinning," which wasn't recorded till 1968; he also copyrighted “Theme of the Stargazers” on September 12, 1960—and we know of no recordings of that one until May 1966.

"Space Aura" was not copyrighted until August 24, 1964, when Sunny was preparing to release Secrets of the Sun, an LP that included a second version of the tune recorded in New York in 1962. Copyright dates for "Distant Stars" and "Onward" are still not known.

Saturn LP 9956-2/A/B was first released in 1965 as Fate in a Pleasant Mood. In 1967 it was given the catalog number 202. It was reissued on Impulse AS 9270 (1974) and Evidence 22068 (CD, 1993).

Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N was issued in 1966 as Rocket Number Nine Take off for the Planet Venus, and given the catalog number 203 in 1967. In 1967, it was reissued with a new cover and the title Interstellar Low Ways, the title also used on Evidence 22039 [CD] in 1992. Some Saturn labels incorrectly give the numbers as SR-9952-M and SR-9952-N.

Saturn HK 5445, We Travel the Spaceways, was issued in 1967 and given the catalog number 409. It was reissued in 1992 on Evidence 22038 [CD].

There was a session focused on standards, which still remains mysterious, and Saturn invested in studio time to make a second Yochannan single.

Sun70. Sun Ra Arkestra

Documentation accompanying a tape box gave a list of titles, a date of December 10, 1960, and an indication that the tape was copied on March 27, 1974. Nothing more is known about this recording. Is it still extant?

When Sunny turned over the vocal chores on space chants to members of his band, he was giving up on vocal groups. Meanwhile, Yochanan, the eccentric blues singer, had swung back into orbit. Yochanan was a little more visible on the South Side in 1960 than he had been in previous years. In April, he was working a 3-day weekend at the Ebony Club, with his own band, The Space Men. He was billed as the "One from the Sun." In June, he was an added attraction on Sunday night with guitarist Eddie Clearwater at Lee's Lounge, a moderately successful blues club.

In an ad for a November 1960 appearance with a band led by drummer Richard Whatley (who often used the stage name Don Costello), Yochanan was identified as "The Man from the Sun." The venue, Swing City, was at the same address as the former Ebony Club. Before 1960 (admittedly, the ads that we have found are sparse) Yochanan had gone as "The Man from Mars" or "The Man from Outer Space." His second collaboration with Sun Ra was recorded at two different sessions that took place around this time, or just a little later.

Sun71. Yochanan, A Space Age Vocalist

The Singles

"Message to Earthman" was released in 1961 as the B side of Saturn 1502, a 45 rpm single (the M09W prefix indicates that the side was mastered and pressed by RCA Victor in 1961). According to Glenn Jones, the label has black print on gold with the Saturn logo in script down the side.

The number was reissued in 1968 as Saturn 986, a 45 rpm single; on the reissue, the name is respelled “Yochannan” and “Sun Ra and his Arkestra” are also mentioned on the label. Yochannan's opening announcement, “The Sun Man's message to the Earthman” is edited out. The alternate version surfaced during research on the Saturn singles; it also has a (different) spoken introduction. Both versions were reissued in Fall 1996 on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [CD].

Hattie Randolph, who left the band in the middle of 1959, does not remember this side, whereas Lucious Randolph does. Phil Cohran says that no one in Chicago but Sun Ra was using lyrics about space at this time.

John Gilmore denied recording with Yochannan, but his presence in the ensemble is audible. The trumpet player sounds like Walter Strickland and does not resemble Phil Cohran or Lucious Randolph.

Incidentally, the McCarey mentioned in the composer credits to Saturn 1502 (he is left off Saturn 986) is almost certainly Prentice McCarey, the long-time pianist for the King Kolax band. Yochannan and McCarey had definitely worked together when "The Man from Mars" and the King Kolax band were holding forth at the Come Back Trail, in July 1957.

Sun72. Yochanan, A Space Age Vocalist / Yochannan with Sun Ra and his Arkestra^

The Singles

“The Sun One” was issued in 1961 as side A of Saturn 1502, a 45 rpm single. The first edition gave the release date as 1959 or 1960, but the side was mastered and pressed by RCA Victor and in the Victor matrix code, the M-prefix stands for 1961 (thanks to doo-wop discographer Robert Ferlingere for a tutorial on the RCA Victor system.) The originally issued “Sun One” ran about 2:45 and did not include Yochannan's monologue (“On the third moment, the stone was rolled away”). On the tape box it was called “The Man who Flew in from the Sun”; in Yochannan's spoken introduction, it was “The Man that Flew All the Way from the Sun.”

For the reissue in 1968 on Saturn 986, a 45 rpm single, a different take was used, under the title “The Sun Man Speaks.” This version included the monologue and ran well over 4 minutes. The singer's name was spelled with another “n” (to bring it up to nine letters) and the label referred to “Yochannan with Sun Ra and his Arkestra.” A third version showed up during research on the Saturn singles. It is a shorter, monologue-less performance, but Yochannan varies the lyrics: “I'm back, it's a natural fact.” All three versions were (re)issued in September 1996 on The Singles, Evidence 22164 [2 CDs].

To further confuse matters, there is a one-sided issue of “The Sun One” that appeared c. 1970 (according to Richard Wilkinson). It is not known which take of the piece was used on that release.

Neither Phil Cohran nor Lucious Randolph recalls participating in this session; however, the trumpeter sounds like Randolph. Though John Gilmore strongly disliked Yochannan and denied recording with him, John's presence in the ensemble is unmistakable.

The Arkestra remained in Chicago during the first half of 1961, but did little recording. Besides the two sides accompanying Yochannan, which may be from that year, the Arkestra laid down four tunes during its last gig in town.

During the early months of the year, the Arkestra was still based at the Wonder Inn. On occasion, the Inn was in such parlous financial condition that the electricity got cut off and the band had to play in the dark. When the Arkestra resurfaced in for the last time in the Chicago Defender entertainment ads, starting in late May, the band photo that was used had been taken on the Wonder Inn stage.

The Chicago Defender ran an advertisement on May 27, 1961 for an engagement at a new, highly ambitious West Side club called 5thJack. The club had opened for business just before Christmas of 1960. Previously 5thJack had featured bands lead bar-walking tenor saxophonist John Tinsey (who happened to be a former member of one of Ra's experimental ensembles) and by Betty Dupree, a bassist who had a long history of collaborations with pianist Willie Jones. The club also kept blues-oriented female vocalists on hand: Shirley Harvey and Bonnie Graham, both of whom had been singing in the South Side clubs for several years.

The Local 208 Board meeting minutes show that Sun Ra filed a contract for the 5thJack gig on May 18; weekly ads in the Defender confirm that the Arkestra was there for 5 weeks (on June 22, Tommy “Madman” Jones filed a contract with the club, beginning his engagement on June 30). Phil Cohran's recollection of a crowd and employees mesmerized by “Interplanetary Music”, to the point that all other activity came to a stop, refers to a night at 5thJack. The photo of the Arkestra that was included in four of the Defender advertisements shows Walter Strickland on trumpet. Thanks to John Corbett for the identification; Corbett also confirms that this photo was taken at the Wonder Inn.

From left to right: Sun Ra, probably Billy Mitchell (drums), Marshall Allen (holding bass clarinet), Walter Strickland (trumpet), John Gilmore (tenor saxophone), Ronnie Boykins (bass) at the Wonder Inn. From the Chicago Defender, June 24, 1961, p. 24.

According to Ricky Murray's recollections, the Arkestra's last gig in Chicago was at the Pershing Lounge (confirmed by a contract filed with Local 208 on June 22). This gig probably lasted four weeks, starting around June 30. The Pershing Lounge had been a fairly high-profile venue in Chicago since the early 1950s, especially for piano trios. Ahmad Jamal had played there many times, eventually making himself and the venue nationally famous in 1958 with his hit Argo LP, Live at the Pershing Lounge. Despite the publicity jolt afforded by Jamal's record, the Lounge went into eclipse later that same year (the now-celebrated pianist was on tour, and it's doubtful that the Lounge could have afforded his fee when he got back to town). It revived under new management in 1959, with the help of Eddie Buster's organ trio. But in 1960 the hotel changed hands, and for a few months was known as the Nan-Carl. The lounge closed, reopened, closed again, reopened again, but apparently everyone found "Nan-Carl Lounge" risible, and the name reverted to Pershing Lounge. In the summer of 1961, Ahmad Jamal was the star attraction at his own restaurant, the Alhambra, which drew the fans even though it served no booze, and the once-mighty lounge couldn't afford ads in the Defender.

Sun73. Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra

We Travel the Spaceways

Walter Strickland is identified on the Saturn jacket as the trumpet player on “Eve.” He is not so credited for this version of “Space Loneliness,” but a tape box, labeled as from the Pershing Lounge, July 13, 1961 once contained versions of “Eve” and “Space Loneliness” that were taken out on March 1, 1967. Both tracks were first issued in 1967 on the LP We Travel the Spaceways (Saturn HK 5445). It was given the catalog number 409 in 1967 and may also have circulated as Saturn ESR 5445. All tracks from this album were reissued on Evidence 22038 [CD] in 1992.

These versions of "Eve" and "Space Loneliness" offer rather dimly recorded piano, with bass and drums up front (hence the thunderous backbeat on "Space Loneliness"). Contrary to our first and second editions, there is no baritone sax (by Pat Patrick or anyone else) on "Eve." And the trombone player's overall timbre (along with the rather challenging part that Sunny asked him to play) suggest that he isn't Nate Pryor. Dick Griffin worked with Sunny on a number of occasions during his final months in Chicago.

Cosmic forces were hard at work. Up to now the Arkestra had never ventured farther away than Indianapolis. As the Pershing Lounge gig wound down, Sun Ra received an offer to play for two weeks at a club called El Morocco, on Closse Street in Montréal. The gig opened on July 31, 1961. As legend has it, the Arkestra was fired after two nights, but they scrounged and got other work in the area, playing for teenagers at St.-Gabriel-de-Brandon, a mountain resort about 60 miles north of Montréal; “When the Saints Go Marching In” was in their repertoire. Finally, they landed an extended engagement at The Place in Montréal. At this time “China Gate” and “I Struck a Match on the Moon” were in the book. Booted out of Canada after two months when their temporary visas expired, Sun Ra, Marshall Allen, John Gilmore, Ronnie Boykins, and Ricky Murray made their way to New York City.

Attempts to recruit some other Chicagoans (such as Art Hoyle and Lucious Randolph) were unsuccessful. Trumpeter Billy Howell came from Chicago, but didn't stay. Luckily, Pat Patrick and Tommy Hunter were already in New York, and with their help Sunny began to rebuild the Arkestra. Rents were high, so they undertook the communal living that the Arkestra has since been known for. Financially, New York was cruel; the band got virtually no gigs for three or four years. Creatively, though, it was the right place to be. But that's a story for another site.

Aftermath

Sun Ra and the core members of his Arkestra stayed in New York City for seven years. In the fall of 1968, they lost the lease on the Sun Studios, as their East Village abode was called, and accepted the offer of a row house in the Germantown area of Philadelphia from Marshall Allen's father. Except for a short period of residency in Oakland, California, in 1971-1972, Sunny remained at 5626 Morton Street until shortly before his death.

What Sunny and the other members of his Arkestra achieved in later years is covered in John Szwed's biography, and in The Earthly Recordings of Sun Ra.

Sun Ra maintained an extrmely active schedule, composing, rehearsing, and performing, until October 1990, when he suffered a stroke. Though confined to a wheelchair, he returned to playing keyboards and leading the band in March 1991. A second stroke, in Setpember 1992, ended his playing days; he returned to Birmingham, where he left the planet on May 30, 1993.

Among the Chicago-period Arkestra members, John Gilmore remained with Sunny to the end, taking only one leave from the band (from August 1964 through March 1965, when he went on tour with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers. He assumed leadership of the Arkestra in 1993 and continued until shortly before his death in 1995, from emphysema.

Pat Patrick left the Arkestra in 1971, but returned on a number of occasions, becoming a regular member again in 1985. In 1976, he recorded as a leader for Sunny and Alton's El Saturn label. For health reasons, he played only alto sax and clarinet in the 1980s (when he was not helping out the rhythm section on electric bass). He left the Arkestra in 1988. Returning to East Moline, he died of leukemia on December 31, 1991.

Sunny and Pat's bandmate in the first experimental trios, Tommy Hunter, died of cancer in Montclair, New Jersey, in 1997.

Ronnie Boykins began taking leaves of absence from the Arkestra in 1970 and left for good in 1974. He worked with many other musicians, most notably Charles Tyler, and made one LP as a leader, for ESP-Disk'. He died of cancer in New York City in 1980.

James Scales stayed in Chicago after his time with Sun Ra. Around 1966, he made four sides for the Marvello label in a style strongly influenced by the early Arkestra. Around the same time he also recorded for the mysterious and infrequently active Verro label; the four Verro sides were done in a style closer to hard bop that showed off his strengths as a soloist--though not as a singer.

Phil Cohan also remained in Chicago. In 1965, he was one of the founding members of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians. In the Saturn tradition, he started his own record label, Zulu, for which he has recorded prolifically with several different ensembles.

At the time of writing, Phil Cohran, Julian Priester, Charles Davis, James Spaulding, Victor Sproles, Art Hoyle, Lucious Randolph, Hattie Randolph, Ricky Murray, E. J. Turner, Bill Fielder, Robert Barry, Bugs Cochran, Jim Herndon, Nate Pryor, and Al Fielder are alive, many of them still acively performing.

Marshall Allen stayed with the Arkestra for the rest of the Sunny's time on earth. In 1995, he assumed the leadership of the Arkestra, which continues to play today. He also recorded as a leader for the CIMP label and made sideman appearances on several other labels. The Arkestra used no keyboard player for several years after Sunny left the planet, but now appears in public with one.

We do not know whether Wilburn Green, Bo Bailey, James Scales, Jon Hardy, Billy Mitchell, George Hudson, or Clyde Williams are still on the planet.

Acknowledgments

This page draws primarily on two sources. The first is a talk that Robert Campbell presented at the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame on March 26, 1995. Thanks to Jim Johnson, Joe Moudry, and Sherri Nielson for making this visit possible, and to Frank Adams and J. L. Lowe for some corrections about Sonny's Birmingham years. The second is the discographical listings in Robert L. Campbell and Christopher Trent, The Earthly Recordings of Sun Ra (2nd ed.), which was published by Cadence Jazz Books in 2000. We use this material with the permission of Cadence Jazz Books.

We have also employed material from Robert Campbell's panel presentation at the Hyde Park Art Center in Chicago on November 11, 2006. Our thanks to John Corbett, Terri Kapsalis, and Anthony Elms for organizing that event, and for the splendid exhibition catalogue that they have edited: Pathways to Unknown Worlds: Sun Ra, El Saturn, and Chicago's Afro-Futurist Underground 1954-1968 (Chicago: WhiteWalls, 2006). We got further help on Sun Ra's sojourn in Montréal from Victor Simoneau-Helwani.

Walter C. Allen's Hendersonia: The music of Fletcher Henderson and his musicians (Highland Park, NJ: Walter C. Allen, 1973) provided a roster of musicians in the 1946-1947 Fletcher Henderson band (see pages 437-441). John F. Szwed's 1997 biography, Space Is the Place: The Lives and Times of Sun Ra has been a major help throughout. Omniverse Sun Ra, edited by Hartmut Geerken and Bernhard Hefele (Wartaweil, Germany: Waitawhile, 1994), is a valuable source on Ra and his music that includes many photos of record labels and LP covers.

	Dig This Boogie (Harris) [voc, p, d only]		Bullet 251, Krazy Kat KK783, Classics 1013 [CD]
	Lightnin' Struck the Poorhouse (Harris)		Bullet 251, Krazy Kat KK783, Classics 1013 [CD]
	My Baby's Barrelhouse (Harris)		Bullet 252, Route 66 KIX 20, Classics 1013 [CD]
	Drinking by Myself (Harris)		Bullet 252, Route 66 KIX 3, Route 66 RBD 3 [CD], Classics 1013 [CD]

CCO 5278	Last Night's Party^ [JW voc]	OKeh 6914
CCO 5279	Hey Bartender^ [JW voc] (R. Hall-Saunders)	OKeh 7061, Moonshine LP 114, Memories Record Prevue MEP-1003, Epic E3K 48912 [CD], Columbia CK40799 [CD]
CCO 5280	Boot 'em Up (Saunders-L. Washington)	OKeh 6862, Columbia [Can] C-1926
CCO 5281	Sugar Bounce (Toombs-Sweet) [JW, ens voc]	OKeh 6834, Moonshine LP 114
CCO 5282	Gentle Lover [JD voc]	OKeh 6856
CCO 5283	J.D. Blues [JD voc]	OKeh 6856

	Piano Interlude (Ra)		Saturn 485, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	Can This Be Love? (Smith-James) -1		Saturn 485, Evidence 22014 [CD], 1201 Music 9019 [CD]

G7OW-5168	I'm Coming Home (Sunny Lane-Beryl Orris) -1		Heartbeat H-3-45
G7OW-5169	Last Call for Love (Tom Seymour) -2		Heartbeat H-4-45

G7OW5257	Saturn (Ra)	Saturn G7OW5257, Evidence 22164 [CD], Paddle Wheel KICJ 315 [CD], Evidence 22219 [CD]
G7OW-5258	Medicine for a Nightmare (Ra) -1	Saturn Z222A, Saturn SR 9956-2-O/P, Impulse AS-9245, Evidence 22066 [CD], Paddle Wheel KICJ 315 [CD], Evidence 22219 [CD]
G7OW5259	Call for All Demons (A Call for All Demons*) (Ra) -1	Saturn G7OW5259, film soundtrack (edited), Saturn SR 9956-2-O/P, Impulse AS-9245, Evidence 22066 [CD]*
G7OW-5261	Urnack (Priester)	Saturn Z222B, film soundtrack (edited), Saturn SR 9956-2-O/P, Impulse AS-9245, Evidence 22066 [CD]
	Demon's Lullaby (Ra)	film soundtrack (edited), Saturn SR 9956-2-O/P, Impulse AS-9245, Evidence 22066 [CD]
	Supersonic Jazz (Ra) -1	Evidence 22164 [CD]

	A Foggy Day (Gerswhin-Gershwin)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	A Perfume Counter		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Love Is...		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Wordless Piece		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	I Was Wrong		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Louise		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	St. Louis Blues (Handy)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	The Wooden Soldier and the China Doll		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]

	Spaceship Lullaby (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Stranger in Paradise (Borodin-Wright-Forrest)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Just One of ThoseThings (Porter)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Honky Tonk		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Haunted Heart		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Evelyn		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Honeysuckle Rose (Waller-Razaf)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Honey		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Black Sky & Blue Moon (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Ra coaching Roland Williams		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Holiday for Strings (Ra dynamics demo)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Holiday for Strings (Rose-Gallo)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	I Fall Asleep Counting My Blessings		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Nice Work If You Can Get It (Gershwin-Gershwin)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Somebody Loves Me (Gershwin-Gershwin)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Chicago USA (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Chicago USA (Ra) -1		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]

	C'est Si Bon		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Blue Moon (Rodgers-Hart)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Baby Please Be Mine		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Blue Skies (Berlin)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	My Only Love		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]

	Springtime in Chicago (Ra)^		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	New Horizons (Ra)*		Saturn HK 5445, Evidence 22038 [CD]
	Journey in Discland		Saturn (unissued)
	Ebb Tide		-

100-A	Super Blonde (Ra)	Saturn Z1111, Saturn H7OP0216^, Saturn SR-LP 0216^, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
100-B	Soft Talk (Priester)	Saturn Z1111, Saturn H7OP0216^, Saturn SR-LP 0216^, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Medicine for a Nightmare (Ra) [2nd version] -1	Saturn H7OP0216^, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Medicine for a Nightmare (Ra) [alt.] -1	Evidence 22164 [CD]
	Advice to Medics (Ra) [ep only] -1	Saturn H7OP0216^, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]

	Brainville (Ra)		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Call for All Demons (Ra) tk. 2 [false start]		Transition test
	Call for All Demons (Ra) tk. 3		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Transition (Ra) tk. 1		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Possession (Revel) tk. 1 [inc] -1		Transition test
	Possession (Revel) tk. 2 -1		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Street Named Hell (Ra) tk. 1 [false start]		Transition test
	Street Named Hell (Ra) tk. 2		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Smithsonian RD108 [CD], Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Lullaby for Realville (Evans)		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Future (Ra) [inc, tb solo only]		Transition test
	Future (Ra)		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Swing a Little Taste (Priester)		Transition TRLP J-30, Transition [J] GXF3126, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	New Horizons (Ra)		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	fragment [p noodling only]		Transition test
	Fall off the Log (Ra)		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Sun Song (Ra) -2		Transition TRLP J-10, Delmark DL-411, Delmark DS-411, Sonet SLP23, Transition [J] PA 7006, Goody GY 30002, Delmark DD-411 [CD]
	Delilah [Majestic 1] (Ra)		Transition test
	Delight (Ra) tk. 1		-
	Delight (Ra) tk. 2		-
	unidentified hard bop (Ra)		-

	Kingdom of Not (Ra)		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Portrait of the Living Sky (Ra) [no horns]		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Eve (Ra)		Saturn (unissued)
	Blues at Midnight (Ra) [tp, ts, p, b, d, tymp only]		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, film soundtrack [edited], Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	El [El Is a Sound of Joy] (Ra)		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Velvet (Ra)		Saturn (unissued)
	Super Blonde (Ra)		-
	India (Ra)		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Sunology (Ra)		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Sunology part II (Ra)		Saturn H7OP0216, Saturn SR-LP 0216, Impulse AS-9271, Evidence 22015 [CD]
	Dreams I (Ra)		Saturn (unissued)
	Dreams II (Ra)		-
	Dreams III (Ra)		-

	El Is a Sound of Joy (Ra) -1		Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Overtones of China (Ra) -1		Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Two Tones (Patrick-Davis)		Saturn 9956-11-A/B, Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Evidence 22039 [CD], Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Paradise (Ra) [p, ep, b, d, perc only]		Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Planet Earth (Ra)		Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Ankh (Ra)		Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Saturn (Ra)		Saturn 9956-11-A/B, Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Evidence 22039 [CD], Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Reflections in Blue (Ra)		Saturn 9956-11-A/B, Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Evidence 22039 [CD], Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	El Viktor (Ra)		Saturn 9956-11-A/B, Delmark DS-414, Monkey MY 40014, BYG 529.162, Evidence 22039 [CD], Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	As You Once Were (Ra-Williams) -2		Delmark DD-414 [CD]
	Dreams Come True (Ra-Mayo) -2		Saturn 485, Saturn XI, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	Dreams Come True (Ra-Mayo) -2 [alt.]		Delmark DD-414 [CD]

	Don't Blame Me (McHugh-Fields)		Saturn 485, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	'SWonderful (Gershwin-Gershwin)		Saturn 485, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	Lover Come Back to Me (Romberg-Hammerstein)		Saturn 485, Evidence 22014 [CD]

4236	M uck M uck (Matt Matt) (Yochannan-Abraham-Ra)		Saturn 4236/7, Atomic Passion 1958, Evidence 22164 [CD]
4237	Hot Skillet Momma (Yochannan-Abraham-Ra)		Saturn 4236/7, Atomic Passion 1958, Evidence 22164 [CD]

	Somebody's in Love (Raymond Dancer-Lonnie Tolbert)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Bye Bye (Matt Swift)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Black Sky and Blue Moon (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Honey		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Honey		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]
	Come Rain or Come Shine		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]

	Daddy's Gonna Tell You No Lie [tk. 1] (Calvin Barron-Charles Edward Orio-Ra)		Saturn 9/1954, Evidence 22164 [CD]
	Daddy's Gonna Tell You No Lie [tk. 2]		rejected

	Bye Bye (Matt Swift) -1		Saturn B222, Live Gold 7016 [CD], Evidence 22164 [CD]
	Somebody's in Love (Raymond Dancer-Lonnie Tolbert) -2		Saturn B223, Evidence 22164 [CD]

S-401	Dreaming (Calvin Barron-Charles Orio-Ra)		Saturn SR-401/2, Pesky Serpent ps 1001, Evidence 22164 [CD]
S-402	Daddy's Gonna Tell You No Lie (Barron-Orio-Ra)		Saturn SR-401/2, Valmor 1369, Evidence 22164 [CD]

333A	Teenager's Letter of Promises (Rogers)		Pink Clouds 333, Evidence 22164 [CD]
333B	I'm So Glad You Love Me (Rogers)		Pink Clouds 333, Evidence 22164 [CD]

	Africa (Ra) [CR wordless voc]/		Saturn K8OP-2864-1 (unissued test pressing), Saturn K8OP-2864-2 (unissued test pressing), Saturn 9956-11E/F, Impulse AS-9242, Evidence 22066 [CD]
	Africa (Ra) [CR voc]*		Atavistic UMS/ALP243 [CD]

	Hours After (Turner) -2		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD]
	Horoscope (Ra) -2		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD]
	Images (Ra)		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD]
	Blues at Midnight (Ra) -1		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD]
	Enlightenment (Dotson) -2		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Saturn SR 512, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD], Evidence 22014 [CD], Paddle Wheel [J] KICJ 315, Evidence 22219 [CD}
	Saturn (Ra)		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD]
	Velvet (Ra) -2		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD]
	Ancient Aeithopia (Ra) -3 [JG, RB voc]		Saturn K7OP3590/1, Saturn 5786, Impulse ASD 9265, Evidence 22012 [CD]
	'Round Midnight (Hanighen-Monk-Williams) -3		Saturn (unknown), Saturn SR 512, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	You Never Told Me that You Care (Dotson)		Saturn SR 512, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	Hour of Parting (Schiffer-Spoliansky)		Saturn SR 512, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	Back in Your Own Back Yard (Jolson-Rose-Dreyer) -1, 3		Saturn (unknown), Saturn SR 512, Saturn XI, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	I Could Have Danced All Night (Lerner-Loewe)		Saturn SR 512, Evidence 22014 [CD]
	Interstellar Low Ways (Ra) -3		Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Evidence 22039 [CD]
	Spontaneous Simplicity (Ra) -5		Saturn K8OP-2864-1 (unreleased test pressing), Saturn K8OP-2864-2 (unreleased test pressing)
	Ankhaton [sic] (Ra) -2		Saturn K8OP-2864-1 (unreleased test pressing), Saturn K8OP-2864-2 (unreleased test pressing)

M08W4052	Happy New Year to You! (Abraham-Ra)		Satur M08W4052/3, Evidence 22164 [CD]
M08W4053	It's Christmas Time (Abraham-Ra)		Satur M08W4052/3, Evidence 22164 [CD]

	Majestic 1 [Delilah] (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Ankhnaton (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Possession (Revel) -1		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Tapestry from an Asteroid (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Majestic 2 (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Majestic 3 (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Majestic 4 (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Velvet (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	A Call for All Demons (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Interstellar Lo-Ways (Ra) [inc]		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]

	The Others in Their World (Ra) -2, 4, 5, 6, 8	Saturn 9956-2/A/B, Impulse AS 9270, Evidence 22068 [CD]
	Space Mates (Ra) -1, 2, 9	Saturn 9956-2/A/B, Impulse AS 9270, Evidence 22068 [CD]
	Lights on a Satellite (Ra) -2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Saturn 9956-2/A/B, Impulse AS 9270, Evidence 22068 [CD]
	Kingdom of Thunder (Ra-Allen) -1, 4, 7, 9	unissued?
	Fate in a Pleasant Mood (Ra) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn 9956-2/A/B, Impulse AS 9270, Evidence 22068 [CD]
	Ankhnaton (Ra) -2, 4, 5, 6, 8	Saturn 9956-2/A/B, Impulse AS 9270, Evidence 22068 [CD]
	But Not for Me (Gershwin) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn ESR 508, Evidence 22011 [CD]
	Day by Day (Cahn-Stordahl-Weston) -2, 4, 5, 6, 8	Saturn ESR 508, Evidence 22011 [CD]
	Holiday for Strings (Rose-Gallo) -2, 5	Saturn ESR 508, Evidence 22011 [CD]
	Dorothy's Dance (Cohran) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn ESR 508, Evidence 22011 [CD]
	I Loves You Porgy (Gershwin-Gershwin-Heyward) -2, 4, 6, 9	Saturn ESR 508, Evidence 22011 [CD], Paddle Wheel [J] KICJ 315 [CD], Evidence 22219 [CD]
	Body and Soul (Green-Heyman-Sour-Eyton) -2, 6	Saturn ESR 508, Evidence 22011 [CD]
	Keep Your Sunny Side Up (DeSylva-Brown) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn ESR 508, Evidence 22011 [CD]
	Tiny Pyramids (Boykins) -2, 4, 5, 7, 9	Saturn 9956-2-O/P, Impulse AS-9245, Evidence 22066 [CD]
	Angels and Demons at Play (Boykins-Allen) -1, 9, 11	Saturn 9956-2-O/P, Impulse AS-9245, Evidence 22066 [CD]
LO8W-0114	Space Loneliness (Ra) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn LO8W-0114/0115, Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Evidence 22039 [CD]
LO8W-0115	State Street (Ra) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn LO8W-0114/0115, Evidence 22164 [CD]
LO9W0541	The Blue Set (Ra) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn SA-1001, Evidence 22164 [CD]
LO9W0542	Big City Blues (Ra) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn SA-1001, Evidence 22164 [CD]
	Somewhere in Space (Ra) -2, 4, 6, 8, 9	Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Evidence 22039 [CD]
	Interplanetary Music (Ra) [ens voc] -2, 10	Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Evidence 22039 [CD]
	Rocket Number Nine Take off for the Planet Venus (Ra) [ens voc] (incl. Second Stop Is Jupiter) -2, 4, 6, 8	Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Evidence 22039 [CD], Paddle Wheel [J] KICJ 315 [CD], Evidence 22219 [CD]
	unidentified titles	unissued
	Velvet (Ra) -2, 4, 5, 6, 8	Saturn HK 5445, Evidence 22038 [CD], Paddle Wheel [J] KICJ 315 [CD], Evidence 22219 [CD]

From Sonny Blount to Sun Ra: The Chicago Years

© Robert L. Campbell, Christopher Trent, and Robert Pruter

Revised October 25, 2009

Sun Ra at the piano, 1958. From the film The Cry of Jazz.

Sun1. Wynonie (Mr. Blues) Harris with the Jimmie Jackson Orchestra

Sun2. Sonny Blount with Coleman Hawkins and Stuff Smith

Accompaniment really by the Dozier Boys and Sonny Blount. From the collection of Tom Kelly.

Sun3. Andrew Tibbs and "The Dozier Boys" with Sax Mallard's Combo [sic] / Andy Tibbs and The Dozier Boys^

From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth.

A Cash Box advertisement for Aristocrat 1105, from the March 5, 1949 issue. Courtesy of Dan Kochakian.

From the collection of Armin Büttner

From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

Sun4. The Dozier Boys and Eugene Wright / Eugene Wright and the Dukes of Swing

From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

From the collection of Tom Kelly

This 1973 LP included the oldest surviving recording made on Sonny Blount's tape machine. From the collection of Chris Trent.

Sun5. Sonny Blount and Stuff Smith

Deep Purple

Jesse Miller, from the Chicago Defender, January 28, 1950

Sun5a. Sonny Blount and Jesse Miller

Sun5b. Sonny Blount

Sun6. "Red" Saunders and Orchestra

Sun7. Dorothy Donegan acc. by "Red" Saunders and his Orchestra

Sun8. Red Saunders and his Orchestra

Sun9. Miss Sharecropper

Sun9a. The Space Trio

From the collection of Armin Büttner

Sun10. Red Saunders & his Orchestra / Red Saunders & his Orch. ^

Sun11. Red Saunders and his Orchestra / Red Saunders & his Orch.^

From the collection of Billy Vera

From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

A Cash Box advertisement for "Hambone," from February 1952.

The original US release of "Hambone." From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

Red scores his only international release. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

Sun12. Red Saunders & his Orch. with Dolores Hawkins & The Hambone Kids* / Red Saunders & his Orchestra

From the collection of Billy Vera

Sun13. Red Saunders & his Orchestra / Red Saunders & his Orch. ^

From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

Sun14. Red Saunders & his Orch.

From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth

Sun15. Jo Jo Adams

From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth

From the collection of Tom Kelly

Sun16. Joe Williams

Joe Williams Sings Everyday

Sun16a. Joe Williams

Joe Williams Sings Everyday

From the collection of Tom Kelly

From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

Sun17. Red Saunders and his Orchestra

From the collection of Robert L. Campbell

From the collection of Tom Kelly

Sun18. King Kolax and his Quintette

From the collection of Tom Kelly

Sun19. Sun Ra

The Singles

Sun20. Sun Ra

Deep Purple

Sun21. The Nu Sounds

Spaceship Lullaby

Sun22. Sun Ra

Spaceship Lullaby

Sun23. The Lintels

Spaceship Lullaby

Sun24. Billy Brooks | Red Saunder's Band [sic]^ / Billy Brooks | Red Saunders Orch.

From the collection of Armin Büttner

From the collection of Armin Büttner

Sun25. King Kolax and his Quintette

After two weeks on the job, Sun Ra gets mentioned in an ad. From the Chicago Defender, December 25, 1954.

Swing Lee O'Neil (with tenor sax) poses with club owner Duke Slater (second from left), and patrons Shirley Jacobs (far left), Ivory Solomon (between Slater and O'Neil), and Rose Early (right). The man at back center is unidentifed. From the Chicago Defender, December 25, 1954, p. 16.

Sun Ra's quartet finishes at the Vincennes Lounge. Chicago Defender, January 15, 1955, p. 13.

The Grand Terrace in the late 1950s. From the Charles Walton collection, Chicago Public Library.

From the Chicago Defender, October 1, 1955, p. 28. The Grand Terrace management seems to have been unaware that Sun Ra and Sonne Blount were the same performer. And who encouraged Rudy Crier to respell his name?

From the Chicago Defender, October 22, 1955, p. 28, before shrinkage set in.

From the Chicago Defender, November 5, 1955, p. 29.

From left, Sun Ra, Richard Evans, Robert Barry, John Gilmore, and Pat Patrick. Unidentified club, late 1955 or early 1956.

The first advertisement for Sunny and the band at Birdland, as it was then called. From the Chicago Defender, January 7, 1956, p. 29.

From the Defender, January 14, 1956, p. 12. Note the reference to the breakfast dance every Monday.

From the Chicago Defender, January 21, 1956, p. 12

From Sonny Blount to Sun Ra:
The Chicago Years

Angels and Demons at Play/
The Singles
The Cry of Jazz (film)

Super-Sonic Jazz /
We Travel the Spaceways

Sound of Joy /
Sun Ra Visits Planet Earth /
Deep Purple

	Angels and Demons at Play (Boykins-Allen)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Spontaneous Simplicity (Ra) - 1		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	Space Aura (Ra)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	'SWonderful (Gershwin-Gershwin) [RM, ens voc]		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	It Ain't Necessarily So (Gershwin-Gershwin-Heyward) [ens voc]		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	How High the Moon (Lewis)		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]
	China Gate (Young-Adamson) [RM voc]		Atavistic UMS/ALP 237 [CD]

	Distant Stars (Ra-Boykins)		Saturn 9956-2/A/B, Impulse AS 9270, Evidence 22068 [CD]
	Onward (Ra)		Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Evidence 22039 [CD]
	Space Aura (Ra)		Saturn SR 9956-2-M/N, Evidence 22039 [CD]
	We Travel the Spaceways (Ra) [ens voc]		Saturn HK 5445, Evidence 22038 [CD]

	Sunday		Saturn (unissued)
	Thou Swell		-
	Something to Remember		-
	Stars Fell on Alabama		-
	You're an Old Smoothie		-
	Way Down Yonder in New Orleans		-
	You're Blasé		-
	Love Nest		-
	unidentified titles		-

M09W1165, 986B*	Message to Earthman (McCarey-Yochannan-Ra)		Saturn 1502, Saturn 986*, Evidence 22164 [CD]
	Message to Earthman [alt.]		Evidence 22164 [CD]

M09W7841	The Sun One (Yochannan)	Saturn 1502, Evidence 22164 [CD]
986-A	The Sun Man Speaks (Ra-Yochannan)^	Saturn 986, Evidence 22164 [CD]
	The Sun Man Speaks [alt.]	Evidence 22164 [CD]

	Space Loneliness (Ra)		Saturn HK 5445, Evidence 22038 [CD]
	Eve (Ra)		Saturn HK 5445, Evidence 22038 [CD]
	I'll Remember April		Saturn (unissued)
	State Street (Ra)		--